Research Article |
Corresponding author: Olímpio Rafael Cardoso ( rafael.bioufrgs@gmail.com ) Academic editor: Ana Maria Leal-Zanchet
© 2019 André Pereira Cattani, Gisela Costa Ribeiro, Olímpio Rafael Cardoso, Maíra Gnoatto Afonso, Maurício Hostim-Silva, Helen Audrey Pichler, Henry Louis Spach.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Cattani AP, Ribeiro GC, Cardoso OR, Afonso MG, Hostim-Silva M, Pichler HA, Spach H (2019) Diversity and space-time dynamics of fish assemblages in a coastal lagoon, western Atlantic. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 14(2): 221-239. https://doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.14.e37667
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The knowledge of the temporal and spatial dynamics in the composition of fish fauna makes it possible to identify patterns of occupation of ecosystems, providing a basis for evaluation and preservation of the local biodiversity. Monthly samplings were carried out at seven sites in a coastal lagoon, using a casting net, dip net and beach seine. A total of 4,110 individuals were collected, distributed in 23 families and 49 taxa of fish, with a predominance of Mugil liza, M. curema, Atherinella brasiliensis, Micropogonias furnieri and Eucinostomus argenteus, corresponding to more than 80% total weight of all individuals caught. Regarding seasonality, greater abundances were recorded in fall, influenced by the high abundance of A. brasiliensis in this period. In addition to fall, this species was also abundant in summer. However, this pattern of dominance was different for the families Mugilidae and Gerreidae, with higher abundances in spring and summer, respectively. The highest abundances were found in the southern section of the lagoon, which are related to the high abundance of A. brasiliensis, M. liza and M. curema. In relation to the indices of average taxonomic distinctness and variation in the taxonomic distinctness, no significant differences were detected between the seasons of the year. Thus, the patterns of distribution and occurrence of fish in the lagoon were consistent with the patterns observed in Brazilian coastal lagoons and estuaries, as well as to the coastal shallow areas of the southeastern and southern regions.
O conhecimento da dinâmica temporal e espacial na composição da ictiofauna permite identificar padrões de ocupação dos ecossistemas, base de avaliação e preservação da biodiversidade local. Amostragens mensais foram realizadas em sete locais da lagoa costeira, utilizando tarrafas, puças e arrasto de praia. Um total de 4110 indivíduos foi coletado, distribuído em 23 famílias e 49 táxons de peixes, com predomínio de Mugil liza, M. curema, Atherinella brasiliensis, Micropogonias furnieri e Eucinostomus argenteus, correspondendo a mais de 80% do peso total de todos os indivíduos capturados. Em relação à sazonalidade, maiores abundâncias foram registradas no outono, influenciadas pela alta abundância de A. brasiliensis neste período. Além do outono, esta espécie também foi abundante no verão. No entanto, este padrão de dominância foi diferente para as famílias Mugilidae e Gerreidae, com maiores abundâncias na primavera e no verão, respectivamente. As maiores abundâncias foram encontradas no trecho sul da lagoa, relacionadas à alta abundância de A. brasiliensis, M. liza e M. curema. Em relação aos índices de diferenciação taxonômica média e variação na distinção taxonômica, não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre as estações do ano. Assim, os padrões de distribuição e ocorrência de peixes na lagoa foram consistentes com os padrões observados nas lagoas e estuários costeiros brasileiros, bem como nas áreas costeiras rasas das regiões sudeste e sul.
coastal area, fish fauna, south Brazil, taxonomic structure
área costeira, estrutura taxonômica, fauna de peixes, sul do Brasil
According to
Among studies on the fish fauna of coastal lagoons, the following stand out:
The Conceição Lagoon, located in the subtropical western Atlantic, is the target of intense environmental impacts because it is a hub for leisure activities, culture, tourism and recreation (
Another impact to this Lagoon was the opening of a channel that connects the lagoon to the sea in 1982 (
Variations in the number of species, biomass and species richness between the seasons and areas of the Conceição Lagoon were studied by
Located in the center-east region of Santa Catarina Island, in southern Brazil, at 27°34'S, 48°34'W latitude, with a total length of 13.5 km (north-south axis), the Conceição Lagoon (Fig.
Daytime monthly samplings were carried out in 1988 at seven sampling sites (Fig.
In the evaluation of spatio-temporal differences in fish abundance, the permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) was applied considering together the three fishing gears, with the seasons of the year (summer, fall, spring and winter) and the sectors (north, south and central) as fixed and orthogonal factors (
In the case of rejection of the null hypothesis by PERMANOVA, a pairwise PERMANOVA was applied, which is a test similar to a post-hoc analysis, to perform a posteriori comparison between factors that had significant differences (p-value <0.05). In order to visualize the differences detected by PERMANOVA, we performed the canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP), which generates graphical groupings through permutation (
In addition to the analysis of the whole assemblage, the size structure (total length-TL) of the most abundant species was also tested for spatio-temporal differences. In this case, PERANOVA was used. Unlike PERMANOVA, which analyzes the significance of factors through a multivariate matrix (abundances of all species), PERANOVA is a univariate analysis. In all analyzes, 9999 permutations were made.
In order to evaluate the taxonomic differences between the seasons at each site and to verify which seasons had the highest taxonomic complexity, we calculated the Average Taxonomic Distinctness (Delta+ or AvTD) and Variation in the Taxonomic Distinctness (Lambda+ or VarTD) with the presence/absence matrices (
A total of 4,110 specimens were caught, distributed in 23 families and 49 species (Table
List of taxa, number of individuals (N), weight (W), mean, minimum and maximum total length (TL), season (fall = F, spring = S, summer = Su and winter = W) and sector (central = C, north = N and south = S) (greater abundance on the left) of fish caught in the Conceição Lagoon, Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil.
Family / Species | N | W (g) | Mean TL (mm) | Min-Max TL (mm) | Season | Sector |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achiridae | ||||||
Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 3 | 22.9 | 71 | 68–74 | W>SU | S |
Ariidae | ||||||
Genidens genidens (Cuvier, 1829) | 23 | 136.25 | 68.96 | 51–207 | F>W | N>C=S |
Atherinopsidae | ||||||
Atherinella brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) | 770 | 1661.61 | 57.14 | 15–130 | F>SU>S>W | S>N>C |
Odontesthes argentinensis (Valenciennes, 1835) | 2 | 34002E77 | 134.5 | 132–137 | W=S | C |
Belonidae | ||||||
Strongylura marina (Walbaum, 1792) | 12 | 463.46 | 255.5 | 68–460 | SU=F>S | N>S>C |
Bregmacerotidae | ||||||
Bregmaceros atlanticus Goode & Bean, 1886 | 1 | 0.72 | 48 | 48–48 | S | C |
Carangidae | ||||||
Caranx hippos (Linnaeus, 1766) | 2 | 3.94 | 50.5 | 50–51 | F | C |
Caranx latus Agassiz, 1831 | 10 | 81.95 | 74.5 | 57–129 | SU>F | C |
Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | 6 | 42.28 | 98.33 | 35–135 | W>F | N |
Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 14 | 17.31 | 38.36 | 21–44 | F>SU | C>N=S |
Trachinotus marginatus Cuvier, 1832 | 71 | 88.01 | 40.51 | 28–81 | F | C |
Cichlidae | ||||||
Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) | 3 | 50.58 | 94 | 79–106 | SU>W | S>N |
Clupeidae | ||||||
Brevoortia pectinata (Jenyns, 1842) | 3 | 14.59 | 82 | 73–93 | F | S>C |
Harengula clupeola (Cuvier, 1829) | 7 | 47.13 | 85.43 | 75–101 | W>SU | S |
Opisthonema oglinum (Lesueur, 1818) | 4 | 51.81 | 104 | 86–150 | F>SU | N>C |
Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879) | 18 | 78.72 | 75 | 38–104 | F | C>S |
Dactylopteridae | ||||||
Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) | 1 | 8.48 | 107 | 107–107 | SU | C |
Engraulidae | ||||||
Anchoa tricolor (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) | 15 | 39.05 | 73.27 | 53–104 | F>SU=S | C>N |
Cetengraulis edentulus (Cuvier, 1829) | 34 | 153.17 | 83.74 | 71–103 | F>W>SU | S>C>N |
Gerreidae | ||||||
Diapterus rhombeus (Cuvier, 1829) | 8 | 4.27 | 38 | 31–43 | F | C |
Eucinostomus argenteus Baird & Girard, 1855 | 208 | 1029.11 | 71.01 | 33–130 | SU>F>S>W | S>C>N |
Eucinostomus gula (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) | 111 | 837.49 | 79.93 | 42–137 | F>SU>W=S | S>N=C |
Eucinostomus lefroyi (Goode, 1874) | 226 | 154.27 | 37.77 | 17–92 | W>F=S>SU | C>S>N |
Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker, 1863) | 78 | 597.17 | 77.04 | 48–223 | SU>F>W>S | S>C>N |
Eugerres brasilianus (Cuvier, 1830) | 65 | 176.75 | 59.8 | 40–120 | F>W>S>SU | S>N>C |
Gobiidae | ||||||
Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837) | 27 | 254.18 | 84.78 | 37–115 | SU>F>S>W | C>S |
Ctenogobius boleosoma (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) | 24 | 59.91 | 54.54 | 22–112 | SU>F>S>W | C |
Ctenogobius shufeldti (Jordan & Eigenmann, 1887) | 14 | 18.24 | 53.79 | 22–64 | S>W=SU | C |
Ctenogobius stigmaticus (Poey, 1860) | 5 | 6.03 | 58 | 55–63 | S>SU | C |
Haemulidae | ||||||
Haemulon steindachneri (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) | 13 | 274.51 | 100 | 48–195 | SU>F | N>S |
Orthopristis ruber (Cuvier, 1830) | 29 | 50.12 | 45.93 | 30–96 | SU>F>W | C |
Hemiramphidae | ||||||
Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758) | 2 | 63.59 | 197 | 181–213 | F | C |
Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani, 1841) | 4 | 74.03 | 141 | 77–272 | F>SU | S>C |
Monacanthidae | ||||||
Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus, 1766) | 1 | 5.26 | 103 | 103–103 | SU | C |
Mugilidae | ||||||
Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 | 580 | 7512.72 | 62.65 | 24–298 | F>S>W>SU | S>C>N |
Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 | 712 | 13513.45 | 50.32 | 28–402 | S>W>SU>F | S>C>N |
Mugil spp. | 748 | 212.34 | 27.33 | 22–81 | W>S>F>SU | C>S>N |
Ophichthidae | ||||||
Ophichthus gomesii (Castelnau, 1855) | 1 | 86.31 | 453 | 453–453 | SU | C |
Paralichthyidae | ||||||
Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862 | 7 | 135.76 | 114.86 | 72–147 | S>F>SU | C>S |
Paralichthys sp. | 1 | 7.43 | 89 | 89–89 | SU | |
Poeciliidae | ||||||
Poecilia sp. | 92 | 114.86 | 41.19 | 12–73 | SU>F>S>W | C>S>N |
Pomatomidae | ||||||
Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) | 22 | 206.46 | 98.32 | 68–152 | F>SU=W=S | C>S |
Sciaenidae | ||||||
Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) | 72 | 165.53 | 74.67 | 29–188 | F>SU>W | C |
Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) | 33 | 1278.99 | 96.26 | 51–144 | SU>W>F | S>C |
Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan, 1889) | 1 | 7.85 | 92 | 92–92 | S | S |
Umbrina coroides Cuvier, 1830 | 4 | 13.2 | 63 | 55–70 | F>S | C |
Sparidae | ||||||
Archosargus rhomboidalis (Linnaeus, 1758) | 9 | 80.37 | 78.89 | 66–103 | F>W>S | N>C>S |
Diplodus argenteus (Valenciennes, 1830) | 11 | 28.59 | 50.91 | 33–76 | SU | C |
Synodontidae | ||||||
Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766) | 3 | 69.1 | 140 | 110–198 | SU>F | S>N |
TOTAL | 4110 | 30034.61 |
The five families most abundant in their number of individuals were Mugilidae (2,040 individuals), Atherinopsidae (772), Gerreidae (696), Sciaenidae (111) and Carangidae (103) (Table
In decreasing order, the taxa Atherinella brasiliensis (N=770), Mugil spp. (N=748), Mugil liza (N=712), Mugil curema (N=580), Eucinostomus lefroyi (N=226), Eucinostomus argenteus (N=208), Eucinostomus gula (N=111) and Poecilia sp. (N=92) were more abundant, accounting for more than 80% of the total catch, and A. brasiliensis and Mugil spp. corresponded to approximately 35% of the total. Six species, namely Bregmaceros atlanticus, Dactylopterus volitans, Ophichthus gomesii, Paralichthys sp., Stellifer rastrifer and Stephanolepis hispidus, were caught only once (Table
The total catch in weight was 30 kg (Table
In relation to the occurrence of the species in the seasons, 13 species were caught in all seasons of the year and twelve species in only one of the seasons. There was greater richness in summer and fall (36 species each), followed by winter (26) and spring (23) (Table
In the comparison between the means of total length of the most abundant fish species, PERANOVA detected significant differences for the interaction between season and sector for A. brasiliensis and M. liza and for season of the year for the three most abundant taxa (A. brasiliensis, Mugil spp. and M. liza) (Table
Peranova based on the Bray-Curtis similarity of the total length (square root transformed) of A. brasiliensis, Mugil spp. and M. liza caught in the Conceição Lagoon, Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil. Factors: season = S and sector = Se. Test parameters: d.f. = degrees of freedom; MS = sum of mean squares.
Atherinella brasiliensis | ||||
Source of Variation | d.f | MS | Pseudo-F | p(pera) |
S | 3 | 1669.8 | 15.894 | 0.0001 |
Se | 2 | 21.147 | 0.20129 | 0.8445 |
SxSe | 3 | 586.42 | 5.5819 | 0.0001 |
Res | 670 | 105.06 | ||
Mugil spp. | ||||
Source of Variation | d.f | MS | Pseudo-F | p(pera) |
S | 3 | 91.601 | 22.71 | 0.0006 |
Se | 2 | 2.7338 | 0.67779 | 0.3725 |
SxSe | 6 | 4.277 | 1.0604 | 0.318 |
Res | 735 | 4.0335 | ||
Mugil liza | ||||
Source of Variation | d.f | MS | Pseudo-F | p(pera) |
S | 3 | 921.04 | 7.5138 | 0.0002 |
Se | 2 | 635.29 | 5.1826 | 0.0157 |
EsxSe | 5 | 1131.1 | 9.2272 | 0.0001 |
Res | 700 | 122.58 |
For Mugil spp., whose significant differences occurred only between seasons (Table
For M. liza, pairwise PERANOVA detected significant differences between the southern and central sectors in the summer (t = 3.9543, p-pera = 0.0001), winter (t = 8.6419, p-pera = 0, 0001) and in the spring (t = 5.2852; p-pera = 0.0001) (Table
In the comparison of the means of abundance between the seasons and sectors, PERMANOVA detected significant differences for both isolated factors (Table
Permanova based on the Bray-Curtis similarity of abundance (square root transformed) of fish caught in the lagoon. Factors: season = S and sector = Se. Test parameters: d.f.= degrees of freedom; MS = sum of mean squares.
Source of Variation | d.f | MS | Pseudo-F | p(perm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
S | 3 | 6072.7 | 2.7508 | 0.0001 |
Se | 2 | 4884.2 | 2.2124 | 0.0008 |
SxSe | 6 | 1718.2 | 0.7783 | 0.9073 |
Res | 32 | 2207.6 |
Pairwise Permanova based on the Bray-Curtis similarity of abundance (square root transformed) comparing the seasons of the year and sectors for fish caught in the Conceição Lagoon, Santa Catarina Island. Bold values are significant (p-value<0.05).
Groups | t | p(perm) |
---|---|---|
Summer x Fall | 1.7224 | 0.0019 |
Summer x Winter | 1.99 | 0.0006 |
Summer x Spring | 1.5724 | 0.0094 |
Fall x Winter | 1.734 | 0.0035 |
Fall x Spring | 1.7355 | 0.0015 |
Winter x Spring | 1.0403 | 0.3865 |
North x South | 1.2334 | 0.1346 |
North x Central | 1.5603 | 0.0067 |
South x Central | 1.5803 | 0.0055 |
In relation to the species responsible for the graphic groupings elaborated by the canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP), it can be observed that, for the season of the year, there was a clear separation of the fall samples in relation to the other samples associated to the first axis, with the species A. rhomboidalis, M. curema and E. gula correlated positively with these samples, and A. brasiliensis and E. argenteus were correlated with the summer samples (Fig.
Results of the canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) of fish caught in the Conceição Lagoon, Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil: (A) with the taxa that contributed to the differences between the seasons of the year ; (B) with the taxa that contributed to the differences between the sectors (North, South and Central). Vectors of the species based on the Spearman correlation above 0.4 (p> 0.4). The canonical correlations of the two axes obtained by the analysis were δ1 = 0.8623 and δ2 = 0.6642 (A) and δ1 = 0.8782 and δ2 = 0.6999 (B). F: fall; S: spring; Su: summer; W: winter.
With respect to sectors, the canonical analysis of principal coordinates (CAP) clearly showed a separation between the three sectors, with the species O. ruber, M. littoralis and E. lefroyi correlated with the samples from the central sector, the species E. brasilianus and M. liza correlated with the samples from the southern sector and G. genidens correlated with the samples from the northern sector (Fig.
Regarding the indices of average taxonomic distinctness (Delta+) and variation in the taxonomic distinctness (Lambda+), associated with species richness, PERANOVA did not detect significant differences for any of the variables, between the seasons (Table
Result of PERANOVA for richness, average taxonomic distinctness (AvTD) and variation in taxonomic distinctness (VarTD) for the lagoon, with the season of the year as the factor.
Source of Variation | d.f | MS | Pseudo-F | p(perm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Riches | Season | 3 | 292.99 | 1.7732 | 0.1449 |
Res | 40 | 165.23 | |||
AvTD | Season | 3 | 0.08681 | 0.85882 | 0.4882 |
Res | 39 | 0.10116 | |||
VarTD | Season | 3 | 29.713 | 1.7217 | 0.185 |
Res | 36 | 17.257 |
Average taxonomic distinctness (AvTD – Delta+) (A), variation in the taxonomic distinctness (VarTD – Lambda+) (B) and Lambda+ and Delta+ biplots (C) calculated per season of the year for the Conceição Lagoon, Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil. A-B: the expected mean is represented by the center dashed line and the 95% confidence interval limit is given by the solid, funnel-shaped line; C: the ellipse represents the value of the 95% confidence interval of 20 and 40 species, respectively. F: fall; S: spring; Su: summer; W: winter.
The predominance of the families Atherinopsidae, Mugilidae and Gerreidae is a common pattern to the lagoons and coastal lagoons located in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil (
In the Conceição Lagoon, we observed the occurrence of species of Poecilia, the eighth most abundant in this study, with predominance in the sector with greater marine influence (point 5, in the central sector). Although predominantly freshwater (
In the case of Conceição Lagoon, the composition of the fish fauna is predominantly estuarine and marine, and it is observed that the freshwater contribution has little influence on the distribution patterns of the assemblages. However, this contribution of freshwater from the rivers, with great attenuation in precipitation events, brings with it a lot of organic matter and contributes directly to the eutrophication of this system, creating recruitment environments for species more resistant and resilient to these physicochemical alterations locations. The high marine influence in the Conceição Lagoon was intensified after 1982, with the artificial stabilization of the Barra Channel, which kept the mouth permanently open, and drastically altered the aquatic biota (
Similarly to our results, greater abundances of Mugilidae followed by Atherinopsidae were recorded in a coastal lagoon with high marine influence, located near the mouth of the Saí Guaçu river, a border of the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina (
In relation to seasonality, different from
In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, differences were also found for the dominance of mugilids, with higher abundances of M. curema in summer and M. liza, in winter (
Regarding the differences between the sectors of the Conceição Lagoon, the highest abundances were recorded in the southern sector, which were related to high abundances of A. brasiliensis, M. liza and M. curema. This high catchability recorded may be associated with the types of reproduction of r-strategists and for forming shoals, which is expected for subtropical estuarine regions (
Thus, in Conceição Lagoon, we can infer that the pattern of distribution and occurrence of fish may have been caused by the influence of anthropic actions, such as eutrophication, changes in the inflow, fragmentation of the landscape and geomorphological modification (