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Research Article
The Trichoptera of Panama XXVII. The third benchmark—a waypoint to the future
expand article infoBrian J. Armitage§, Steven C. Harris|, Tomás A. Ríos González, Yusseff P. Aguirre, Roger J. Blahnik, Robin E. Thomson, Tatiana I. Arefina-Armitage
‡ Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí (UNACHI), David, Panama
§ Sistema Nacional de Investigación de Panamá (SNI), David, Panama
| Western Pennsylvania University, Clarion, United States of America
¶ University of Minnesota, St. Paul, United States of America
Open Access

Abstract

The flora and fauna of Panama is species-rich due to its location and topography, and the resulting diversity of microclimates and habitats. The last two summaries (benchmarks) of information about the caddisfly fauna (Insecta, Trichoptera) Panama were published in1992 and 2015. From 1861 to 2015, researchers from outside of Panama recorded 13 families, 45 genera, and 257 species of caddisflies. From 2015 through 2023, a series of publications by the Aquatic Invertebrate Research Group at the Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí in David, Panamá have recorded an additional 2 families,11 genera, and 278 species. Thus, a total of 535 species of caddisflies, now recorded from the Republic of Panama, are distributed among 15 families and 56 genera. Panama’s Trichoptera fauna shows greatest affinity to other Central American countries, and to Costa Rica in particular. Indeed, 289 Costa Rican species are shared with Panama, including 91 former Costa Rican endemics now known from both countries. The Hydroptilidae is the most species rich family in Panama. Although the number of new species and new country records of macro-Trichoptera has diminished somewhat over this third benchmark period, no similar fall-off has yet been detected in the micro-Trichoptera. The caddisfly fauna of Panama is now better known, but much more work remains to define the fauna and, just as importantly, to map the surficial and altitudinal distribution of each genus and species.

Key words

Biodiversity, biogeography, caddisflies, Neotropics, regional affinities

Introduction

Aguila (1992) published the first benchmark for caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) known from the Republic of Panama, wherein 168 species in 39 genera and 13 families were listed. Through 2015, a large number of papers by researchers outside Panama, dealing either directly or peripherally with Panama, produced a net gain of 7 genera and 89 species to its fauna. Beginning in 2015 and through 2023, a group of researchers led by the first author, a permanent resident of Panama, have more than doubled the known caddisfly fauna (Armitage et al. 2015a, 2015b, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2022a, 2022b, 2023, 2024; Harris and Armitage 2015, 2019, 2023; Armitage and Harris 2018a, 2018b, 2018c, 2020, 2023; Thomson and Armitage 2018, 2021; Blahnik and Armitage 2019; Rázuri-Gonzales and Armitage 2019; Thomson et al. 2022; Blahnik et al. 2023; Harris et al. 2023; Harris et al. 2024). As part of this effort, three publication series were initiated on aquatic insects, and the Aquatic Invertebrate Research Group (AIRG) was formed, now associated with the Museo de Peces de Agua Dulce e Invertebrados (MUPADI) at the Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí (UNACHI) in David. The caddisfly fauna of Panama now includes 15 families, 56 genera, and 535 species.

Herein, we present an historical summary of published Trichoptera research in Panama. From these sources, an up-to-date list of caddisflies for Panama is provided, including type country and country distribution for each species. We also present a list of all collection locations to date, including latitude, longitude, altitude, and each stream’s Global ID. And, we discuss the geographic affinities of the Panamanian caddisfly fauna. Finally, we give a comprehensive list of references pertinent to caddisfly work in Panama.

Materials and methods

Geomorphology and topography of Panama

A small portion of southern Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama comprise an isthmus which serves as a bridge between northwestern South America and the remainder of the northern Neotropics and Nearctic regions. Most of this isthmus is composed of two of the four structural regions, or blocks, which make up Central America. Two continental blocks in the north, the Maya block (northern Guatemala; southern margin of the North American continent) and the Chortis block (only continental part of the Caribbean plate), the latter extending southeastward to include much of Nicaragua. Costa Rica and western Panama are part of the Chorotega block, and eastern Panama is part of the Choco block. The formation of these latter blocks and the resulting closure of the isthmus are thought to have come about through subduction of ocean plates followed by volcanism (Bundschuh and Alvarado 2007). Four oceanic plates (Caribbean, South American, Cocos, and Nazca) surround and/or underlie these two blocks, creating a region of very complex tectonics.

Most of the Chorotega and Choco blocks are regarded as a Neogene–Quartenary volcanic belt underlain by a Mesozoic basement layer derived from the Caribbean plate (Coates 1997). Most of the major water basins (cuencas) which formed in Panama, as well as those in Costa Rica, were subsequently created by erosion of these landforms and the concomitant formation of groundwater networks. However, some sections of the Caribbean coast are of more recent origin (Middle Quaternary to Holocene), formed by landslides from the Cordillera de Talamanca and Central Cordillera ranges which covered older, underlying coral formations along the coast (Harris and Armitage 2019). During the Flandrian Transgression (Holocene: 7000–6500 years BP), the Caribbean Sea invaded the coastal areas (Bergoeing 2015), submerging watersheds which existed at that time. “Subsequent recedence of sea water, on-going neotectonic activity, and fluvial erosion” helped to form some of Panama’s Caribbean coastal drainages we find today (Harris and Armitage 2019).

Topographically, Panama exhibits a defined progression from west to east (Fig. 1A). East of the Central Valley in Costa Rica, the towering Talamanca range rises, extending southeastward into Panama and terminating at Cerro Punta north of Volcán Barú. Cerro Punta is one of the principal agricultural centers in Panama, with fresh vegetables and fruits grown upon its slopes. The massive Talamanca range represents a volcanic gap between the volcanic ranges forming the backbone of Central America and the Central Cordillera of Panama. It formed, in part, due to uplift caused by the subduction of the Cocos Ridge beneath it, choking off volcanic activity. The majority of La Amistad International Park in Costa Rica and Panama is occupied by this range. Volcán Barú, just south of the terminus of the Talamanca range begins the Central Cordillera backbone of Panama, which extends east to the Panama Canal lowlands. In addition to Volcán Barú, the Central Cordillera of Panama includes several other Quaternary volcanoes such as La Yeguada and El Valle. South of the volcanic front provinces lies the Chorotega forearc provinces found along the Pacific coast from northern Costa Rica to the Gulf of Panama. It is characterized by a series of peninsulas. In Panama the most western peninsula, Burica, is shared with Costa Rica near Puerto Armuelles. Moving eastward, the second peninsula is called Soná, after the town of the same name. The third and largest peninsula is Azuero. These peninsulas and the nearby Coiba Island include accreted terrains transported in the past by the Pacific plate as it underwent subduction under the Caribbean plate and incorporated themselves into Panama’s landmass. Beyond the Canal Zone basin, east of Panama City, sets of rugged mountains bracket, to the north and south, the Darién lowland basin. Along the Caribbean coast arise the San Blás and Darién ranges, and along the Pacific coast can be found the Majé, Bagre, and Sapo ranges.

Figure 1. 

Maps A relief map of Panama B hydrographic map showing major watersheds (cuencas) of Panama with an overlay of locations collected during 2015–2023.

Hydrology

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute has recently produced a GIS shapefile for streams in Panama, digitized from 1:50,000 topographic maps produced by the National Geographic Institute Tommy Guardia in Panama (STRI 2023). Examination of the attributes for this file indicate that Panama has 6,326 named quebradas (creeks) and 1,387 named ríos (rivers). In addition, there are 24,386 quebradas and 153 ríos that remain unnamed. Despite the plentiful rainfall that falls on Panama, some of these streams are intermittent due to the alternation of wet and dry seasons and the vagaries of groundwater supply. Many others have their flow supplemented from springs or other water sources and flow continuously throughout the year. In addition, Panama hosts numerous temporary and permanent ponds, a number of lakes, estuaries, canals, and lagoons. Increasingly over the last decade, hydroelectric dams have been constructed throughout Panama which transform formerly flowing streams into lentic reservoirs.

With so many streams, most of them short due to the narrowness of the isthmus, there was a need to organize them above the individual watershed level. This was largely achieved by the Central American Hydrometeorological Project (UNESCO 2008), an international effort to characterize major cuencas (water basins) in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama, and to facilitate processing and exchange of hydrographic and meteorological data. As a result, Panama has 52 defined cuencas (Fig. 1B). Typically, a cuenca descriptor (major basin number: 087–160) is associated with each new recorded species and mainland location. An overview and analysis of 26 of these cuencas can be found in Cornejo et al. (2017).

Climate (https://www.imhpa.gob.pa/es/descripcion-generall-clima-panama)

Because of the restricted latitudinal range (7–18°N), the current climate throughout Central America is generally the same: broadly tropical and seasonal, with wet and dry seasons (Bundschuh and Alvarado 2007). Given its east-west orientation (as opposed to Central America’s general NW–SE orientation) and a more attenuated latitudinal range (~7.2–9.6°N), Panama has an even more uniform climate. Yet, some variation can occur with season, altitude, and time of day. Particularly in the western highlands, a variety of microclimates can exist in a relatively small land area.

Temperatures (annual mean temperature 27.0 °C in January and July), however, are ameliorated somewhat along the Caribbean coast to the north and the Pacific coast to the south due to these large, adjacent waterbodies and the cycling of on-shore/off-shore winds throughout the day. Inland, however this lessening decreases rapidly. Maximum mean temperatures oscillate between 31.1 °C and 34.5 °C. Minimum temperatures range from 20.1 °C and 22.4 °C. Perhaps the largest decreasing gradient of temperature occurs with increasing altitude, particularly in the western highlands (Chorotega block).

The two well-defined seasons in most of Panama, are controlled by the migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which in turn is controlled by the movement of the sun in relation to the earth. The dry season occurs when the ITCZ is south of Panama, permitting the trade winds from the North Atlantic gyre to sweep across the Caribbean and most of Central America. Generally, the wet season (1900 mm mean annual precipitation) begins when the ITCZ begins to move over Panama in a northerly direction. The ITCZ reaches its northernmost position between July and August, producing a short, secondary dry period (Veranillo). As the ITCZ starts to move south again, rains resume, heavier than before, especially in October and November. Rainfall in the Pacific region of Panama is abundant, with moderate to heavy intensity, and includes convective thunderstorms, typically in the afternoon. The rainy season begins in May and lasts through November. The dry season occurs during December through April. In the Central Region (away from the coasts) the seasons occur in a similar manner to the Pacific region. However, the more continental nature of the land as well as the thermal and orographic contrasts with altitude play an important role. The dry season has strong trade winds coming from the Caribbean, and the wet season has moderate to heavy rains after the middle of the day. In the Atlantic (Caribbean) region it rains almost throughout the year. These rains can be caused by frontal system incursions from the northern hemisphere, particularly in the December to February period. Otherwise, rains are associated with tropical atmospheric systems over the Caribbean basin, as well as other factors (UNESCO 2008). The volcanic soils that cover much of Panama normally allow for rapid drainage. Climate variability in Panama is driven mainly by the El Niño Southern Oscillation, tropical cyclones, and sea surface temperatures. No hurricanes or tornados impact Panama directly. However, a stalled tropical cyclone in the Caribbean north of Panama can send belts of heavy rainfall which impact the western highlands area. Such an event occurred as recently as 2020 causing flooding, landslides, and scouring of streams, particularly in the upper Rio Chiriquí Viejo Cuenca adjacent to the Costa Rican border.

Methods

The results were taken from the published literature, presumably all peer-reviewed, spanning the period from 1861 through March, 2024. Approximately 70% of the species described or recorded by others between 1861 and 2015 have been re-collected and identified during the period 2015–2024, attesting to their historical accuracy and continued presence in Panama.

The majority of the collections made in alcohol by AIRG employed light traps (UV fluorescent tubes or an UV LED strips). Whenever possible, we also set up Malaise traps in the same locations, because the combination of UV light traps and Malaise traps has consistently produced the best results in terms of species diversity. Sampling monthly from December to June has produced very good results, equivalent to whole year sampling. Sampling just once at a given location produces insufficient information about the species assemblage present. Once again, optimum results are achieved with multiple-month collections at the same site and with the two collection methods stated above.

The relief map was provided courtesy of Hans Braxmeier, Donaustraße 13, 89231 Neu-Ulm, Germany. Other maps were created in QGIS software, version 3.28.5-Firenze. There are two overlapping series of literature citations in this document: one for the first literature source for each Panamanian species (Table 1) plus the text citations, and one derived from the original descriptions for each species (species authorities). We have opted to include only the former to avoid any confusion and to improve the use and readability of the References section. Literature references for original descriptions based on the authority and year, can be found using Holzenthal and Calor (2017). We follow the order and hierarchy presented in Holzenthal et al. (2015). One species, Metrichia PA-1, represents a provisional designation, and which has been described and illustrated in the literature (Thomson and Armitage 2021), but not officially named at present. Although the genitalia were distinct from all other species in this genus, the holotype male was without a head. We exercised caution by not formally naming this species, and are curently searching for more specimens. Appendix 1: Tables A1, A2 are placed at the end of the manuscript due to their size.

Table 1.

Primary Literature Sources for Panama Trichoptera by year.

Primary Literature Source # Taxa Primary Literature Source # Taxa
Hagen 1861 1 Harris and Flint 2002 5
Mosely 1933 1 Harris et al. 2002a 2
Ross 1959 2 Harris et al. 2002b 1
Denning and Sykora 1966 1 Flint et al. 2003 1
Flint 1967 3 Johanson 2003 3
Yamamoto 1967 5 Prather 2003 3
Flint 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974 29 Bueno-Soria and Holzenthal 2004 4
Flint and Bueno-Soria 1977 1 Chamorro-Lacayo and Holzenthal 2004 1
Haddock 1977 2 Holzenthal and Andersen 2004 7
Bueno-Soria and Flint 1978 6 Bueno-Soria et al. 2005 1
Flint and Bueno-Soria 1979 3 Blahnik and Holzenthal 2006 1
Bueno-Soria 1981 1 Holzenthal and Blahnik 2006 1
Flint 1981a 2 Johanson and Malm 2006 4
Flint 1981b 3 Blahnik and Holzenthal 2008 8
McElravy et al. 1981 12 Bueno-Soria 2009 1
Schmid 1982 5 Chamorro and Holzenthal 2010 4
Denning et al. 1983 3 Oláh and Flint 2012 7
Kelly 1983 1 Blahnik and Holzenthal 2014 4
Flint and Bueno-Soria 1987 2 Bueno-Soria and Barba-Álvarez 2015 1
Flint et al. 1987 14 Muñoz-Quesada and Holzenthal 2015 13
Holzenthal 1988a, 1988b, 1988c 3 Rázuri-Gonzales and Holzenthal 2016 1
Maes and Flint 1988 1 Armitage et al. 2015 32
Flint and Denning 1989a, 1989b 9 Harris and Armitage 2015 9
Bueno-Soria 1990 5 Armitage et al. 2016 42
Harris 1990 1 Armitage and Harris 2018a 8
Flint 1991 3 Thomson and Armitage 2018 7
Flint and Reyes 1991 2 Armitage et al. 2018 25
Blahnik and Holzenthal 1992 2 Harris and Armitage 2019 22
Flint 1992 1 Razuri-Gonzales and Armitage 2019 3
Holzenthal and Harris 1992 1 Blahnik and Armitage 2019 8
Holzenthal and Strand 1992 2 Armitage et al. 2020 17
Harris and Tiemann 1993 2 Armitage and Harris 2020 8
Blahnik 1995 3 Thomson and Armitage 2021 11
Holzetnthal 1995 1 Armitage et al. 2022a 12
Flint 1996 5 Armitage et al. 2022b 12
Bueno-Soria and Santiago-Fragoso 1997 8 Thomson et al. 2022 6
Muñoz-Quesada 1997 1 Harris et al. 2023 8
Blahnik 1998 14 Armitage et al. 2023 3
Flint 1998 7 Harris and Armitage 2023 16
Flint et al. 1999 3 Armitage and Harris 2023 2
Harris and Holzenthal 1999 2 Blahnik et al. 2023 2
Blahnik 2002 1 Harris et al. 2024 17
Bueno-Soria and Santiago-Fragoso 2002 10 Armitage et al. 2024 8

Results

Historical review of Trichoptera taxonomic research in Panama

The first caddisfly described and recorded from Panama was the hydropsychid, Smicridea bivittata by Hagen (1861) from the Panama Canal Zone. This is a very common species present in many lowland and midland locations throughout Panama. For the next 100 years, only three additional species accrued to Panama’s fauna. However, in the subsequent 40 years, until 2000, a significant increase in species numbers was recorded thanks primarily to the work of Oliver S. Flint, Jr. at the Smithsonian Institution. It was also during this period that Joaquin Bueno-Soria, Ralph Holzenthal, Roger Blahnik, and Steve Harris, among a few others, began to make contributions in the form of new species’ descriptions and new country records. Also, during this pre-2000 period, McElravy et al. (1981) generated the first significant species assemblage for Panama, and Aguila (1992) published the first benchmark paper for this group. From 2000 to 2015, these same scientists made even more contributions, with additional descriptions and records provided by Silvia Santiago-Fragoso, Kjell Johanson, Aysha Prather, Lourdes Chamorro, Trond Andersen, János Oláh, Fernando Muñoz-Quesada, Ernesto Rázuri-Gonzales, and Robin Thomson, among a few others (Table 1). The sum of all the above work resulted in 13 families, 45 genera, and 257 species being recorded from Panama during the period 1861 through part of 2015.

The Aquatic Invertebrate Research Group (AIRG) was formed in 2018 from employees and research associates of MUPADI. Previously, beginning in 2015, the first author initiated a series of three publication series for recording results of work on the Trichoptera, Plecoptera, and Diptera of Panama. In 2018, these series were formally transferred to AIRG and MUPADI for purposes of continued identification of our progress. The authors of this manuscript are/were the primary contributors to the publication series for caddisflies. From 2015 through 2024, AIRG has described and/or recorded an additional 2 families, 11 genera, and 278 species of Trichoptera. The trichopteran fauna of Panama now consists of 15 families, 56 genera, and 535 species. Fig. 2 displays the increase in Panama’s Trichoptera fauna since inception. All of the literature citations for publications in which caddisfly species were first recorded from Panama are presented in Table 1, and the number of species recorded in each citation is included.

Figure 2. 

Number of species added to Panama’s caddisfly fauna per time period.

Collection localities: historical and recent

Prior to 2015, most caddisfly species were collected and recorded from a relatively small number of locations on an occasional basis and in an unorganized manner. The Panama Canal Zone (Panamá Province) was a common collecting location as was the town of Boquete near Volcán Barú in the western highlands (Chiriquí Province). Three principal collecting locations from which caddisflies were reported were established by Henry Wolda at Barro Colorado Island in the Canal Zone, Miramar in Bocas del Toro Province, and Fortuna Forest Preserve near Fortuna Reservoir and Dam (McElravy et al. 1982). Other than these three locations, no methodical collecting was conducted. Further, until 2015, few collection events occurred specifically for capture of caddisflies.

In 2015, collections were made in a more systematic manner, over extended periods of time (6–7 months minimum, December through June, or monthly for an entire year), and employing at least two different collection methods (typically UV light traps and Malaise traps, the latter when possible). The geographic extents, both in surface locations and with altitude, were also increased. Although the majority of collections have been made in western Panama for logistical reasons, more areas of Panama have been sampled during the last 8 years than during the previous 145 years by a large margin. Yet, much more remains to be done.

Collection sites for the 2015–2023 period are identified in Fig. 1B, without annotations. In Appendix 1: Table A1, we present the stream name, latitude, longitude, altitude, and Global Stream ID for each of these locations. As is true for many streams in Latin America, names are not always established or available for each one; thus, we resort to employing “Quebrada sin nombre–unnamed creek”, or in the case of a stream which directly enters a larger, named stream “afluente de–tributary of” as identifiers.

Panama’s Trichoptera fauna

Herein we present an up-to-date list of the caddisflies recorded from Panama. Fig. 3 provides summary statistics for the number of genera and species in each trichopteran family. Appendix 1: Table A2 presents all of the species organized by suborder, superfamily, family and genus. The type country is included as well as the country distribution for each species. Fig. 4 summarizes the source countries of species holotypes for Panama’s fauna. It is worth noting that we have collected an additional 30–40 potential new species which are awaiting further examination and/or description, but these are not included at this time.

Figure 3. 

Graphical presentation of the number of genera and species (in parentheses) for each caddisfly family found in Panama.

Figure 4. 

Contribution of holotypes by other countries to Panama’s fauna.

Geographic affinities

The number and percentage of endemics in Panama are 170 species and ~32%, respectively. Employing current published literature and recent catalogs of Neotropical Trichoptera (Holzenthal and Calor 2017) and Hydroptilidae (Thomson 2023), we present a cluster diagram derived from Jaccard similarity values (Fig. 5) reflecting the current faunal assemblage relationships between Panama and other nearby regions. Additional comment about these results can be found in the Discussion section. Fig. 6 illustrates the numbers of Panamanian species shared with these other regions. As expected, the largest number of species is shared with other Central American countries (58.3%), followed by Mexico (17.8%), South America (17.4%), the Caribbean islands (6.3%), and North America (5.0%). The country of Costa Rica shares the most species with Panama (285 species, or 53.3%), with which it also has a common border to its WNW.

Figure 5. 

Cluster diagram for results from a Jaccard similarity matrix employing UPGMA conditions The matrix and resulting diagram used PAST 4.01 (PAleontological STatistics) software (Hammer et al. 2001).

Figure 6. 

Graph showing the number of Panamanian species found in other regions.

Discussion

The driving justification for this third benchmark paper about Panama’s Trichoptera fauna was primarily internal in origin, rather than meeting some external demand. The number of species had simply grown beyond expectations and comprehension, necessitating an update. The identification of specimens in new samples became increasingly inefficient as lists and identification aids required constant updates. Whereas we are not entirely convinced that our cognizance will change completely, even after the publication of this article, we hope for a better handle on where we are at the moment. In 2023, we conducted monthly sampling at 27 locations in western Panama over a five-month period, with nine stream locations at each of three increasing altitudes. This was our last major collecting effort for two to three years as we attempted to become more familiar with what we already know, and to completely process all of the samples we have collected in the last five years. Given the history of new records and species in each collection, this settling of accounts will surely alter our perceptions of Panama’s caddisfly fauna once again. Indeed, the number of new caddisfly species and country records which have been added to the fauna of Panama over the last eight years shows no signs of decreasing. This is evidenced by the lack of a curve in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8, providing no clue as to the y-axis asymptote despite our best collecting efforts. Even when plotting the individual accumulation tracks of new country records versus new species to science for AIGR collections (Fig. 8) no significant deflection is detected. The only real change is that we are beginning to find second and third locations for some of our new species described in the 2015–2018 time period, but these are quickly replaced by new, more recent, species known from a single location.

Figure 7. 

Graph displaying the accumulation of Trichoptera species found in Panama over time.

Figure 8. 

Graph displaying the accumulation of new species and new country records for AIGR samples.

The growth of the family Hydroptilidae has exceeded all expectations as illustrated in Table 2. Certainly, the diversity of the genus Neotrichia from three species in early 2015 to the current 45 species speaks to this fact. Moreover, there are already additional, new Neotrichia species in our recent collections awaiting description. We never anticipated that a small country like Panama would exceed all other Latin American countries in the number of hydroptilids (Table 3). We do expect that other countries, like Brazil, with a large land area, highly varied topography, diverse habitats and microclimates, and an excellent and dedicated cadre of trichopterists, will eventually exceed Panama’s wealth of hydroptilid species. But, not yet.

Table 2.

Examples of increases in the Trichoptera fauna of Panama since 2015.

Family or Genus Total before 2015 Current Total*
Hydroptilidae 154 250+
Tizatetrichia 0 4
Leucotrichia 3 15
Neotrichia 3 45
Table 3.

Comparison of the number of genera and species of the Hydroptilidae in select Latin American countries.

Country Number of Genera Number of Species
Panama 21 258
Mexico 18 189
Brazil 22 >161
Costa Rica 17 143
Colombia 12 46
Nicaragua 12 38
Guatemala 8 19
Honduras 8 15
Belize 4 11
El Salvador 4 6

Of course, the main problem with comparing one country’s fauna against any other country is that it requires equitability of effort. Such is not the case. This disparity in effort results from most Central American countries having no dedicated personnel working on adult Trichoptera (and many other groups of aquatic insects). This lack of similar effort creates a false picture, and results in skewed comparisons and statistics. Such is the problem with Fig. 5 above. The high similarity between Panama and Costa Rica coupled with the lack of complete inventories in other Central American countries has diminished the similarity value presented (~0.6). The real similarity between Panama and all other Central American countries is probably 0.8–0.9. Before we started our work in 2015 and thanks to the significant and dedicated efforts of Ralph Holzenthal at the University of Minnesota and his students and colleagues, Costa Rica was the best known Central American country for caddisflies. The information content from Costa Rica was equivalent to the data amassed by Joaquin Bueno-Soria and his students and colleagues in Mexico, although this latter work has had a longer history. Both are still among the leaders in Latin America. However, once the faunistics improved, Costa Rica, for example, evolved in the expected way to emphasize more studies in the ecological, biological, and environmental quality areas, expertly pioneered and expanded by individuals like Monica Springer at the University of Costa Rica. As a result, our total knowledge about this group of insects in Costa Rica far exceeds what we know in Panama and most other Latin American countries. Yet, more work still needs to be done there on the adult stages to get a more complete picture for that country. We are confident that there is little or no difference between Costa Rica and Panama, with both being exceedingly biodiverse and the faunas highly similar. Further, we believe that most Central American countries, if adequately surveyed, would have a minimum of 200–250 species recorded from each. We expect Panama, and perhaps other Central American countries, will mirror the efforts in Costa Rica as organizations such as AIRG at UNACHI and the University of Costa Rica continue to train young, dedicated scientists interested in the caddisfly faunas of the region.

The other issue, which we work on as much as possible, involves the methodological approach. Making spot collections at singular and sometimes random times simply will not yield any results upon which to build theories, make assumptions, or detect nature-derived or human-made impacts. If you want a reasonable and useful image of species assemblages at given locations or in given streams or watersheds, you must collect multiple times at each location and use multiple collection methods to do so. We have found UV light trapping and Malaise trapping in combination to be quite thorough in inventorying a species assemblage. We have yet to collect many caddisfly specimens in sweep nets, nor any species which were not also collected by the other methods.

The final issue for now, on which we have only a partial handle at the moment, involves year-to-year variation. We have sampled three streams for multiple years, and detected a few new records each year. Because the species involved were collected at low densities, we cannot say for certain whether or not the new records represent additions or replacements to the species assemblage, or simply rare species that were previously undetected. Because of this, we currently plan to concentrate on species with higher population numbers and frequency of occurrence and employ repeated sampling over longer time frames (e.g., at three-to-five-year intervals), in order to get a better picture of actual variation, if any. This issue is important in evaluating changes due to natural (e.g., landscape succession) or other (e.g., global warming or landscape modification) perturbations on aquatic systems. If variation in mean species composition over time under normal conditions is not known, how can one detect statistical variation under non-normal (but also non-catastrophic) conditions with any confidence? It is possible that using adult aquatic insects, here Trichoptera, for environmental impact studies provides too much variation and information (=noise) to help in this regard. As has been shown in many parts of the world, use of the larval stage, currently identifiable only to the genus level, while not as informative, usually provides sufficient information to demonstrate impacts coupled with less noise. However, at this moment, use of the larval stage is not adequate to define a species assemblage, and neither has it anything intelligent to say about species diversity.

Concerning the future, based on current trends, material on-hand, some non-parametric estimators (e.g., Chao2–Chao 1984, 1987; Chao et al. 2017), and the chance for more internally trained taxonomists, we believe Panama will eventually be found to host 750–850 species of Trichoptera, most of which will be in the family Hydroptilidae. Although we published a paper earlier (Armitage and Cornejo 2015) which presented information about the distribution of Trichoptera in Panama, and have collected and accumulated even more data during the past eight years, we still do not have a very good grasp of surficial distribution. More than a few whole cuencas have never been surveyed, throughout Panama. Also, we are only beginning to get a sense of how Panama’s caddisfly fauna is distributed by altitude. And, although we have published a few papers on non-taxonomic topics (e.g., Armitage and Harris 2018b, 2018c; Armitage et al. 2021), at some point we have to begin associating the adults with the immature stages and start to ask serious questions about ecology, life history, population dynamics, and the many other non-taxonomic aspects. Thus, much remains to be done to better understand this most interesting group of insects.

Acknowledgements

First, we have been very fortunate to have our studies assisted by a diverse assemblage of people and organizations. Given that this is a very general paper encompassing over eight years of effort, we offer apologies for anyone not specifically mentioned here, but who were thanked in previous, individual publications. We are indebted to the Rector and Vice-Rector of the Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, David, Panamá for encouraging our research and certifying our various projects. Our ongoing thanks to the Ministry of the Environment (MiAmbiente) in Panama for providing collecting permits, import/export permits, and other forms of support. They also served as the primary manager of the Sustainable Production System and Biodiversity Conservation Project (PSPSCB) project, funded by the World Bank, with which many of the authors were involved, and which provided us highly useful specimens from several of Panama’s national parks and protected areas. We appreciate the organizational and logistical support by the Gorgas Institute and COZEM during the PSPSCB project, as well as their field crews. We are most grateful to the following individuals who own private protected areas in Panama for permissions and assistance in our studies: Eric Carlson–Rambala Jungle Lodge; Kelly and Laurie Collier–Finca Monterey, Jeffrey and Alma Dietrich–Mount Totumas Cloud Forest and Biological Reserve; Marietta Landis–Landis Reserve; Patricia Kieswetter and John Jones–Finca La Esperanza; Price Peterson of Finca Esmeralda; and, Lloyd and Sandra Cripe of Finca Armonia. We appreciate the professional courtesy of Dr Ralph Holzenthal, University of Minnesota–St. Paul for confirming some of our initial identifications. Finally, we are appreciative of the artistic skills and time donated by Leah Keth, formerly of Western Pennsylvania University–Clarion and the logistical support and friendship of Albert Thurman–Arizona State University. Funding for this project and report was made possible thanks to support to Dr Brian J. Armitage by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) of Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Republic of Panama.

Additional information

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement

No ethical statement was reported.

Funding

Funding for this project and report was made possible thanks to support to Dr Brian J. Armitage by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) of Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Republic of Panama.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: BJA. Data curation: BJA, TARG, YPA. Formal analysis: BJA, TARG, YPA, SCH, RJB, RET. Writing and editing: BJA, TAA. Funding acquisition: BJA.

Author ORCIDs

Brian J. Armitage https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3182-1533

Steven C. Harris https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-7462

Tomás A. Ríos González https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0590-6488

Yusseff P. Aguirre https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5222-75630

Roger J. Blahnik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0648-454X

Robin E. Thomson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5883-2040

Tatiana I. Arefina-Armitage https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0410-7772

Data availability

All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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Appendix 1

Table A1.

Waterbodies sampled during the period 2014–2023. [N/A = not available].

Cuenca_No–Stream Latitude, Longitude Altitude Stream Global ID
Boca del Toro Province
93 – afluente Quebrada Rambala 8.91543, -82.15527 134 N/A
93 – Quebrada Canaza 8.86685, -82.16688 300 {B69D4FAB-CBE9-4CDB-88E2-51F4CD804FFE}
93 – Quebrada Rambala 8.91627, -82.15469 120 {D7C04D47-E911-4C34-A67E-62B905C7CFA4}
93 – afluente Río Guabo 8.77781, -82.20175 1660 N/A
93 – Río Holcón 8.87616, -82.48667 1785 {1D26B5F6-5646-4C3E-83F2-E34366A09228}
Chiriquí Province
102 – afl. Río Bonita 8.63840, -82.75732 590 {0BD191BD-7BA4-46E1-9731-2696FE479E9A}
102 – afluente de Río Jacu 8.50427, -82.81274 70 {91E7D743-AB73-40B9-81BB-295B77E25627}
102 – afluente de Río Jacu 8.61308, -82.74826 510 {019E8F76-D705-4A26-AF9F-E8E8CB6EA6F1}
102 – afluente Río Chiriquí Viejo 8.90124, -82.61817 2354 {CA463C25-4E28-46BD-9917-5E7086951F23}
102 – afluente Río Chiriquí Viejo 8.89757, -82.61631 2350 N/A
102 – afluente Río Chirqui Viejo 8.89056, -82.61201 1996 {7A7E3BCD-FDCE-4FBF-B479-753951CBDCE8}
102 – afluente Río Colorado 8.88472, -82.68408 1915 N/A
102 – Estación MiAmbiente PILA 8.89209, -82.61682 2178 {B2F7CB27-1940-4BD2-B27C-C941019608E7}
102 – Quebrada Bonita 8.49857, -82.74541 196 {9157E345-74A9-4592-8C47-2826F6216A50}
102 – Quebrada Brusca o Chevo 8.83473, -82.77345 1139 {2B2A87B2-3DB2-420A-94FF-8624BAFAD0F0}
102 – Quebrada Brusca o Chevo 8.84482, -82.76075 1505 {2B2A87B2-3DB2-420A-94FF-8624BAFAD0F0}
102 – Quebrada Caisan 8.69663, -82.81066 484 {69EEB31F-4DCA-49E7-A125-418587CB1BB6}
102 – Quebrada Camaron 8.52786, -82.69687 266 {C627A745-E2EB-4DC7-9D0F-C507B7D74CFB}
102 – Quebrada Cujato 8.83395, -82.75294 1161 {BC6D5816-989D-4DBB-ABE9-B023F95FF13A}
102 – Quebrada Garita Final 8.86509, -82.59568 1821 {1A3D779D-A4E3-4FE4-917A-6CBDC31B4AA8}
102 – Quebrada Guisado 8.82943, -82.80455 945 {196D9B62-8E4D-4BBD-888F-6C60234A6B4D}
102 – Quebrada La Cruz o Coloradito 8.81957, -82.70991 1260 {1B8F76C8-6880-4883-AFFA-104842B783FE}
102 – Quebrada La Vuelta 8.61710, -82.70415 492 {DC6ED8CC-71BC-42DA-827B-1DA8EB569E1F}
102 – Quebrada Limón 8.52852, -82.68256 269 {03AD31B5-4EE3-47AD-9D7F-0E4B15CC10BA}
102 – Quebrada Norte 8.87361, -82.69051 1709 {9DC66821-70D1-41C1-AEA7-85BFA3ECFB43}
102 – Quebrada Pavón 8.65933, -82.79304 440 {B841209B-2153-4470-8A52-729B50FDDEE8}
102 – Quebrada San Andrés 8.60574, -82.73056 519 {E25ED9B0-F6A0-4859-AC04-2040DFC031FA}
102 – Quebrada sin nombre 8.61765, -82.71330 540 {EB8C9441-E6D4-484E-AEED-53964F569EB9}
102 – Quebrada sin nombre 8.64377, -82.82975 755 {AABD7007-19B1-4BE4-B221-DD924D9527D4}
102 – Quebrada sin nombre 8.64501, -82.82204 575 {AABD7007-19B1-4BE4-B221-DD924D9527D4}
102 – Río Baitún 8.65212, -82.77405 593 {6A1181A6-C3E7-454A-82CA-34E5AE311B4D}
102 – Río Bonita 8.61699, -82.75993 496 {6E347E2E-DD5C-463B-846E-1AE9CB251B9B}
102 – Río Cana Blanca 8.68847, -82.80431 478 {47C0A215-3FB3-4A34-82DC-C2799CC2E053}
102 – Río Candela 8.82356, -82.84113 886 {3A4971B7-899F-44DF-BEBC-D0646AB486D1}
102 – Río Candela 8.89968, -82.73786 1728 {3A4971B7-899F-44DF-BEBC-D0646AB486D1}
102 – Río Candela 8.90614, -82.72882 1799 {3A4971B7-899F-44DF-BEBC-D0646AB486D1}
102 – Río Candela 8.91040, -82.72054 1957 {3A4971B7-899F-44DF-BEBC-D0646AB486D1}
102 – Río Chiriquí Viejo 8.53097, -82.83264 97 {701875AA-B529-4B32-AC05-1BBDBE2490B1}
102 – Río Chiriquí Viejo 8.80577, -82.66640 1309 {701875AA-B529-4B32-AC05-1BBDBE2490B1}
102 – Río Chiriquí Viejo 8.87550, -82.55336 2117 {701875AA-B529-4B32-AC05-1BBDBE2490B1}
102 – Río Chiriquí Viejo 8.86589, -82.58783 1829 {701875AA-B529-4B32-AC05-1BBDBE2490B1}
102 – Río Colorado 8.83158, -82.71716 1215 {CDBBC16D-036A-40AA-97C3-F91C507AFC1B}
102 – Río Colorado 8.87356, -82.68999 1700 {CDBBC16D-036A-40AA-97C3-F91C507AFC1B}
102 – Río Cotito 8.83091, -82.73647 1166 {E4D964B4-8C05-4205-9C3E-516829CD8592}
102 – Río Divalá 8.52909, -82.69150 258 {FB980922-B4F3-4558-935D-2F81CEE78AB9}
102 – Río Gariché 8.48812, -82.77207 70 {195EBEFC-FCBA-4393-ADC6-0C0D4FE8D69F}
102 – Río Gariché 8.75566, -82.65355 1319 {195EBEFC-FCBA-4393-ADC6-0C0D4FE8D69F}
102 – Río Jacú 8.49496, -82.80673 51 {890004D7-41EB-4359-92C8-A32C600BCF62}
102 – Río Jacú 8.60904, -82.73784 498 {890004D7-41EB-4359-92C8-A32C600BCF62}
102 – Río Los Pozos 8.87074, -82.69101 1674 {2B052C02-BA04-4055-87B4-553DD7D48361}
104 – Río Güigala 8.51845, -82.64280 209 {53F211E0-43D0-4532-9615-F004504B89B6}
106 – Quebrada Balsa 8.54526, -82.55153 326 {045573F5-A75E-487C-B89A-7CE97C796ACA}
106 – Río Brazo Prieto 8.65689, -82.56153 797 {704F0378-CC5F-4901-A3C9-84B63004C39E}
106 – Río Chirigagua 8.48139, -82.54788 128 {D46D4A8D-05E9-4B8C-A34A-576C185D7B22}
106 – Río Chirigagua 8.64200, -82.55780 737 {D46D4A8D-05E9-4B8C-A34A-576C185D7B22}
108 – afluente Quebrada Grande 8.78291, -82.44579 1253 {A250508F-0B9E-4919-99C3-510BA9259FA6}
108 – afluente Quebrada Jaramillo 8.76667, -82.42256 1200 {98F1C498-4400-47C9-825F-E7BD2B4DA621}
108 – afluente Quebrada Jaramillo 8.76671, -82.41519 1300 {382A9959-39AF-4254-B36C-C97D5A0A17EC}
108 – afluente Quebrada Jaramillo 8.76671, -82.41341 1282 {0B23E403-F436-4D7B-B7C8-DECE0179324B}
108 – afluente Río Chiriquí 8.77757, -82.19464 1660 N/A
108 – afluente Río La Cruz 8.70985, -82.47848 925 {A2D1F6B5-0DE6-4CBA-86D5-34656D07A146}
108 – Afluente Río Palo Alto 8.80949, -82.39575 1673 {BB40288F-B07D-498C-BFFD-99FA7932FF8C}
108 – afluente Río Platanal 8.65452, -82.54255 825 {92265D9E-4C7B-4590-B07F-621B14A93AAB}
108 – Primer Brazo del Río David 8.64414, -82.49408 696 {439CB133-D9E2-4AF5-9B54-8571F0AD0297}
108 – Quebrada Aserrío 8.79416, -82.44620 1117 {954126B5-626A-4D31-8E75-9B1D92F7403E}
108 – Quebrada Aserrío 8.79472, -82.44968 1157 {954126B5-626A-4D31-8E75-9B1D92F7403E}
108 – Quebrada Becuel 8.84570, -82.49097 1801 N/A
108 – Quebrada Cenizas 8.80105, -82.45608 1348 {F926E222-C241-4BCF-A06D-A6EFF09893E2}
108 – Quebrada Cheche 8.76892, -82.43338 1008 {12FC2E17-130C-441E-8999-CD9C3C16B18E}
108 – Quebrada de Frank 8.74847, -82.21788 1660 {0C0B87AE-3261-4CA2-9C62-284160C66D34}
108 – Quebrada del Guayabo 8.84939, -82.49349 1947 {6B7B49AC-4FDB-469F-9B21-EC95D649B394}
108 – Quebrada El Velo 8.82042, -82.48428 1782 {78590031-39EC-46E7-A6E4-E47E774ACCEA}
108 – Quebrada Grande 8.77195, -82.43308 1200 {02AB639E-70C6-4C5E-B74D-122B4183976C}
108 – Quebrada Grande 8.47944, -82.30944 70 {B0D87B6D-3A72-4E81-9EEC-86A1B0B7F7C6}
108 – Quebrada Grande 8.77970, -82.44016 1122 {02AB639E-70C6-4C5E-B74D-122B4183976C}
108 – Quebrada Honda 8.74985, -82.23885 1132 {1C1B38EB-387B-4A7D-98A8-B604148BA17C}
108 – Quebrada Jaramillo 8.75454, -82.41848 1075 {98F1C498-4400-47C9-825F-E7BD2B4DA621}
108 – Quebrada Jaramillo 8.76320, -82.41383 1259 {98F1C498-4400-47C9-825F-E7BD2B4DA621}
108 – Quebrada Jaramillo 8.77427, -82.40699 1470 {98F1C498-4400-47C9-825F-E7BD2B4DA621}
108 – Quebrada Jaramillo Abajo 8.74600, -82.41804 1060 {C2E9B1E4-499E-41A6-8AD1-13993264A576}
108 – Quebrada San Cristóbal (cerca) 8.43298, -82.45229 31 {73D75F47-340A-4C0F-B3FE-9A58C9A2A6E0}
108 – Quebrada San Cristóbal (cerca) 8.43406, -82.45193 45 {73D75F47-340A-4C0F-B3FE-9A58C9A2A6E0}
108 – Quebrada sin nombre 8.82786, -82.49534 1765 {ACDE5256-98F5-42EE-B720-D8DBE9BD0ADB}
108 – Quebrada sin nombre 8.84523, -82.48599 1804 N/A
108 – Río Caldera 8.74228, -82.42160 1000 {720DAACB-8139-455C-BAB0-96047558D084}
108 – Río Caldera 8.78361, -82.43014 1109 {720DAACB-8139-455C-BAB0-96047558D084}
108 – Río La Cruz 8.70268, -82.48445 935 {2C6AE4FE-7C64-4512-B1A9-6880385397C2}
108 – Río Majagua 8.66138, -82.52639 837 {D54AFBBC-7F2E-4E01-BF48-2AB566B2D7E4}
108 – Río Majagua 8.66172, -82.53818 877 {D54AFBBC-7F2E-4E01-BF48-2AB566B2D7E4}
108 – Río Majagua 8.68093, -82.53276 840 {D54AFBBC-7F2E-4E01-BF48-2AB566B2D7E4}
108 – Río Palo Alto 8.80266, -82.42245 1673 {2CE456A4-7D2C-4625-B1BF-784DC76693A7}
108 – Río Papayal 8.45735, -82.34091 59 {DF6B5980-5CA5-474C-AC3B-7BE9740846F0}
108 – Río Platanal 8.46416, -82.52030 84 {67058F6C-6B31-484C-BE4A-D4966951B097}
Coclé Province
105 – afluente Quebrada Corazones 8.67801, -80.60006 792 N/A
105 – Quebrada Corazones 8.67760, -80.60007 728 N/A
134 – afluente Las Yayas 8.66307, -80.58908 709.4 N/A
134 – Quebrada La Máquina 8.65800, -80.58845 612 N/A
134 – Quebrada La Yayas 8.66168, -80.59522 602 {B8AE7229-EA0F-4499-BDB6-DD9BE7B4DEDE}
134 – Río Marica 8.55016, -80.23631 215 {B7EAA4A9-0A62-4898-BB66-87CB80C93BC8}
134 – Río Membrillo 8.58450, -80.22074 334 {CA3E47CD-E996-47F4-8814-4A47955D9780}
134 – Río Salado 8.59580, -80.21512 323 {D1D97416-E116-4252-ABF0-7C8A2EF139FE}
134 – Río Seren 8.58983, -80.21476 332 {10C1B276-8E77-4C3F-BA41-8E69558CF41B}
Colón Province
115 – Río Seda 9.15505, -79.73793 92 {77FD688A-FC85-4FC8-A69A-F3EA9DE3AD73}
117 – Quebrada Agua Caliente 9.49961, -79.64887 79 {8CEC5B18-9761-48F4-B784-F5333A761BEA}
117 – Quebrada sin nombre 9.60069, -79.61658 55 {7961F346-FDF6-4393-998A-29BDB4A36375}
Darién Province
152 – Quebrada sin nombre 8.79472, -78.45386 879 N/A
156 – Río Pirre 8.01732, -77.72417 150 {0D3856E1-E154-41C9-87EC-D4AB7E63C5B5}
156 – Río Pirre 8.09081, -77.74043 73 {0D3856E1-E154-41C9-87EC-D4AB7E63C5B5}
Herrera Province
128 – Río La Villa 7.73022, -80.80142 605 {4704EC03-15C7-4A1E-B23A-900882F3E176}
128 – Río La Villa 7.73296, -80.79987 590 {4704EC03-15C7-4A1E-B23A-900882F3E176}
Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca
93 – afluente Río Guabito 8.81721, -82.19754 757 N/A
93 – afluente Río Guabo 8.77804, -82.19063 1660 N/A
93 – Quebrada Cabello de Angel 8.78243, -82.19276 754 {8CA4BFC4-6DD6-4F06-B6B4-BC32B9987153}
93 – Quebrada los Novios 8.79656, -82.19635 515 N/A
93 – Quebrada Martínez 8.79361, -82.19392 538 {416AF012-81C0-4406-8789-81B7A60FB72D}
93 – Quebrada Martínez 8.79484, -82.19047 480 {416AF012-81C0-4406-8789-81B7A60FB72D}
93 – Río Guabo 8.84437, -82.18289 118 {3AA15818-A345-4D23-9118-3B690E77CD03}
108 – afluente Quebrada Arenal 8.77650, -82.20897 1044 {B1B39EAE-2BCB-4821-AD3C-76DB5013C4A8}
Panama Oeste Province
115 – Río Cacaito 8.71650, -80.00740 497 {2813676B-C416-4934-B597-5E1FFBA9FF1D}
115 – Río Trinidad 8.73115, -79.98481 232 {06D73CFC-102D-44CC-B145-1EBAA3C1E956}
138 – Quebrada Anguillosa 8.68724, -79.92549 754 {B9EF3532-E694-46FF-93EE-79D54E0ECA16}
138 – Río Sajalices 8.67625, -79.89748 194 {5E814F25-0C95-48C7-B2D7-BB222DE32336}
Veraguas Province
97 – afluente Río Calovébora 8.55038, -81.16486 515 {1EDD9F83-293A-41E2-B889-D41D3BDB14E8}
97 – Quebrada sin nombre 8.55343, -81.17675 395 {1F634B75-0354-4AB5-BD45-7761303176C5}
97 – Río Calovébora 8.54318, -81.16398 536 {CFC13BF5-44D2-4F2D-988A-F6D42CE6098E}
97 – Río Piedra de Moler 8.56553, -81.18817 340 {110E94FD-4FC3-428F-99AF-48FA70BC6175}
116 – Isla Canales de Afuera 7.69494, -81.62649 29 N/A
116 – Quebrada del Rosario 7.85826, -81.55764 26 {CADE0116-0DC0-405E-AC36-05CACF7539F2}
116 – Quebrada del Rosario 7.87372, -81.49994 57 {36D29AE8-9F3E-4DF8-856A-98AEB9102437}
116 – Quebrada La Mina 7.87443, -81.51004 63 {45F6981C-6837-4B3A-B32D-BFA9ACD33EDB}
116 – Quebrada Monita 7.81480, -81.55724 26 {32D01E8A-D0C7-4F7D-93BF-B5671C71ABF5}
116 – Río Pixvae 7.84287, -81.56329 17 {35498767-3F18-4328-A63B-21CDA3D15147}
122 – Río Playita 7.34859, -80.78694 109 {305E1EC9-6D5E-4098-A084-EB7829D439A0}
132 – Lago cabaña Alto de Piedra 8.51423, -81.11679 859 N/A
132 – Quebrada Mulabá 8.52577, -81.13045 623 {E0F81946-2AE5-4E70-BF2B-A28DC647309E}
132 – Quebrada Mulabá - Isleta 8.54513, -81.11970 412 {E0F81946-2AE5-4E70-BF2B-A28DC647309E}
132 – Quebrada Mulabá 2doBrazo 8.52906, -81.13943 662 {69AD297D-18C8-4944-835E-53D73A1C10F2}
132 – Quebrada Mulabá 3erBrazo 8.53143, -81.14975 746 {47ADB5EA-AA64-4F0E-9E51-189CD94319E9}
132 – Quebrada Mulabá-1er Brazo 8.52560, -81.12956 623 {6C721564-2100-4FD4-9528-B3D9DF3F5752}
132 – Quebrada Mulabá-1er Brazo 8.51706, -81.12140 770 {6C721564-2100-4FD4-9528-B3D9DF3F5752}
132 – Río Beteguí 8.36047, -80.99481 144 {5B09911B-8A39-4D51-8F72-74D2A38A3593}
– Quebrada sin nombre 9.10195, -81.56155 14 N/A
Table A2.

Taxonomic listing, type country, and distribution of Trichoptera in Panama.

Species [Type Country] Distribution
Suborder Annulipalpia Martynov
Superfamily Philopotamoidea Stephens
Family Philopotamidae Stephens
Chimarra (C.) adelphe Blahnik, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (C.) altmani Blahnik, 1998 [Panama] Panama
Chimarra (C.) angustipennis Banks, 1903 [U.S.A.] Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A., Venezuela
Chimarra (C.) caribea Flint, 1968 [Grenada] Grenada, St. Vincent (Mustique), Nicaragua, Panama, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Isla Margarita)
Chimarra (C.) cascada Blahnik, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarra (C.) colmillo Blahnik & Holzenthal, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarra (C.) dentosa Ross, 1948 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (C.) dolabrifera Flint & Reyes, 1991 [Ecuador] Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru
Chimarra (C.) duckworthi Flint, 1967 [Costa Rica] Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela
Chimarra (C.) dudosa Blahnik, 1998 [Panama] Panama
Chimarra (C.) emima Ross, 1959 [Panama] Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela
Chimarra (C.) flinti Bueno-Soria, 1985 [Mexico] Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela
Chimarra (C.) jemima Blahnik & Holzenthal, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarra (C.) limon Blahnik, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarra (C.) longiterga Blahnik & Holzenthal, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama
Chimarra (C.) munozi Blahnik & Holzenthal, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarra (C.) paraortiziana Blahnik & Holzenthal, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (C.) peineta Blahnik & Holzenthal, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (C.) pollex Blahnik & Holzenthal, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (C.) spangleri Bueno-Soria, 1985 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad
Chimarra (C.) tapanti Blahnik, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarra (C.) villalobosi Bueno-Soria, 1985 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (C.) woldai Blahnik, 1998 [Panama] Panama
Chimarra (C.) xus Blahnik, 1998 [Ecuador] Colombia, Ecuador, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) aureopunctata Flint, 1967 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) banksi (Ulmer, 1907) [Nicaragua] Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) barrettae (Banks, 1900) [Mexico] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) bisectilis Flint, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) centralis Ross, 1959 [Panama] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) costaricensis Flint, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) didyma Flint, 1998 [Panama] Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela
Chimarra (Curgia) lobata Flint, 1967 [Panama] Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) martiza Flint, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) pablito Flint, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) persimilis Banks, 1920 [Ecuador] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru
Chimarra (Curgia) purisca Flint, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) sarophora Flint, 1998 [Panama] Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) spatulata Ross, 1959 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarra (Curgia) wilsoni Flint, 1967 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarra (Otarrha) rossi Bueno-Soria, 1985 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Chimarrhodella costaricensis Blahnik & Holzenthal, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarrhodella tapanti Blahnik & Holzenthal, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Chimarrhodella ulmeri (Ross, 1956) [Peru] Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Venezuela
Wormaldia anhelitus Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama
Wormaldia bolivari Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Venezuela] Panama, Venezuela
Wormaldia buenorum Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Mexico] Mexico, Panama
Wormaldia chrismark Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Wormaldia contrerasi Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Wormaldia eberhardi Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Wormaldia flinti Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Panama] Bolivia, Panama
Wormaldia francovilla Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Wormaldia fredycarol Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Wormaldia gallardoi Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Wormaldia hedamafera Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Wormaldia imberti Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Wormaldia lauglo Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Wormaldia machadorum Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Wormaldia monsonorum Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Wormaldia paprockevi Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Wormaldia planae Ross & King, 1956 (in Ross, 1956) [Mexico] Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela, U.S.A.
Wormaldia saboriorum Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Wormaldia tocajoma Munoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Wormaldia trondi Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Wormaldia zunigae Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Colombia] Colombia, Panama
Wormaldia zunigarceorum Muñoz-Quesada & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Superfamily Psychomyioidea Walker
Family Ecnomidae Ulmer
Austrotinodes contubernalis Flint & Denning, 1989 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Austrotinodes doublesi Muñoz & Holzenthal, 1993 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Austrotinodes fortunata Flint & Denning, 1989 [Panama] Panama
Austrotinodes panamensis Flint, 1973 [Panama] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Austrotinodes sedmani Flint, 1973 [Guatemala] Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama
Family Polycentropodidae Ulmer
Cernotina taeniata Ross, 1952 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Cernotina uncifera Ross, 1951 [Mexico] Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Cyrnellus fraternus (Banks, 1905) [U.S.A.] Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, U.S.A., Venezuela
Polycentropus acanthogaster Flint, 1981 [Panama] Panama
Polycentropus altmani Yamamoto, 1967 [Panama] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela
Polycentropus dentoides Yamamoto, 1967 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Polycentropus digitus Yamamoto, 1967 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Polycentropus fasthi Holzenthal & Hamilton, 1988 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Polycentropus fortunus Flint, 1981 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Polycentropus lingulatus Flint, 1981 [Panama] Panama
Polycentropus nebulosus Holzenthal & Hamilton, 1988 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Polycentropus spicatus Yamamoto, 1967 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Polyplectropus bravoae Bueno-Soria, 1990 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Polyplectropus charlesi (Ross, 1941) [U.S.A.] Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
Polyplectropus clauseni Chamorro-Lacayo & Holzenthal, 2004 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Polyplectropus deltoides (Yamamoto, 1967) [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Polyplectropus denticulus Bueno-Soria, 1990 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Polyplectropus exilis Chamorro-Lacayo & Holzenthal, 2004 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Polyplectropus insularis Chamorro & Holzenthal, 2010 [Panama] Panama
Polyplectropus laminatus (Yamamoto, 1966) [Ecuador] Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela
Polyplectropus maesi Chamorro-Lacayo, 2003 [Nicaragua] Nicaragua, Panama
Polyplectropus mathisi Bueno-Soria, 1990 [Panama] Panama
Polyplectropus panamensis Bueno-Soria, 1990 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Polyplectropus santiago (Ross, 1947) [Mexico] Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
Polyplectropus woldai Chamorro & Holzenthal, 2010 [Panama] Panama
Polyplectropus yolandae Chamorro-Lacayo & Holzenthal, 2004 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Family Xiphocentronidae Ross
Cnodocentron (Caenocentron) galesus Schmid, 1982 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Cnodocentron (Caenocentron) immaculata Flint, 1991 [Colombia] Colombia, Panama
Cnodocentron (Caenocentron) lausus Schmid, 1982 [Nicaragua] Nicaragua, Panama
Cnodocentron (Caenocentron) pallas Schmid, 1982 [Panama] Panama
Machairocentron ascanius Schmid, 1982 [Panama] Panama
Machairocentron teucrus Schmid, 1982 [Panama] Panama
Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) insulare (Ulmer, 1913) [Trinidad] Panama, Trinidad
Xiphocentron (Glyphocentron) alcmeon Schmid, 1982 [Guatemala] Guatemala, Panama
Xiphocentron (Sphagocentron) evandrus Schmid, 1982 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Xiphocentron (Sphagocentron) julus Schmid, 1982 [Mexico] Mexico, Panama
Xiphocentron (Xiphocentron) aureum Flint, 1967 [Mexico] Mexico, Panama
Superfamily Hydropsychoidea Curtis
Family Hydropsychidae Curtis
Calosopsyche ardisia Flint & Bueno-Soria, 1987 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Calosopsyche bicuspis Flint & Bueno-Soria, 1987 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Calosopsyche continentalis Flint & Bueno-Soria, 1987 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Calosopsyche elachista Flint & Bueno-Soria, 1987 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Calosopsyche sandrae Flint, 1967 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Centromacronema apicale (Walker, 1852) [Venezuela] Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, Peru, Venezuela
Centromacronema auripenne (Rambur, 1842) [Brazil] Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela
Centromacronema pygmaeum Botosaneanu, 1993 [Trinidad] Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela
Leptonema albovirens (Walker, 1852) [Venezuela] Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad, U.S.A., Venezuela
Leptonema campanum Flint, McAlpine & Ross, 1987 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Leptonema cheesmanae Mosely, 1933 [Colombia] Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama
Leptonema complexum Mosely, 1933 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Leptonema crassum Ulmer, 1905 [Brazil] Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela
Leptonema ekisi Flint, McAlpine & Ross, 1987 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Leptonema forficulum Mosely, 1933 [Panama] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Leptonema fortunum Flint, McAlpine & Ross, 1987 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Leptonema hamuli Flint, McAlpine & Ross, 1987 [Panama] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Leptonema intermedium Mosely, 1933 [Ecuador] Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama
Leptonema rafita Muñoz-Quesada, 1997 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Leptonema salvini Mosely, 1933 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Leptonema simulans Mosely, 1933 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Leptonema sinuatum Mosely, 1933 [Colombia] Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama
Leptonema sparsum (Ulmer, 1905) [Brazil] Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Leptonema tapanti Muñoz-Quesada, 1997 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Leptonema turrialbum Flint, McAlpine & Ross, 1987 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Leptonema woldianum Flint, McAlpine & Ross, 1987 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Macronema burmeisteri Banks, 1924 [Peru] Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru
Macronema luteipenne Flint & Bueno-Soria, 1979 [Panama] Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama
Macronema variipenne Flint & Bueno-Soria, 1979 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru
Macrostemum ulmeri (Banks, 1913) [Colombia] Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad
Plectropsyche wallacei Bueno-Soria & Barba-Álvarez, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) acuminata Flint, 1974 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama
Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) lobata (Ulmer, 1909) [Venezuela] Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela
Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) murina McLachlan, 1871 [Chile] Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Venezuela
Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) nemerosa Holzenthal & Blahnik, 1995 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) radula Flint, 1974 [Costa Rica] Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) talamanca Flint, 1974 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Smicridea (Rhyacophylax) tapanti Holzenthal & Blahnik, 1995 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Smicridea (S.) bivittata (Hagen, 1861) [Panama] Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela
Smicridea (S.) breviuncata Flint, 1974 [Costa Rica] Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama
Smicridea (S.) campana Flint, 1974 [Panama] Panama
Smicridea (S.) cartiensis Flint & Denning, 1989 [Panama] Panama
Smicridea (S.) catherinae Blahnik, 1995 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama
Smicridea (S.) circinata Flint & Denning, 1989 [Panama] Panama
Smicridea (S.) cuna Flint, 1974 [Panama] Panama
Smicridea (S.) dividua Rázuri-Gonzales & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Smicridea (S.) filicata Flint & Denning, 1989 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Smicridea (S.) gemina Blahnik, 1995 [Costa Rica] Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama
Smicridea (S.) hybrida Blahnik, 1995 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
Smicridea (S.) lata Rázuri-Gonzales & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Smicridea (S.) latipala Flint & Denning, 1989 [Panama] Panama
Smicridea (S.) matagalpa Flint, 1974 [Nicaragua] Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
Smicridea (S.) mirama Flint & Denning, 1989 [Panama] Nicaragua, Panama
Smicridea (S.) multidens Flint & Denning, 1989 [Panama] Panama
Smicridea (S.) polyfasciata Martynov, 1912 [Peru] Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama
Smicridea (S.) spatulata Rázuri-Gonzales & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Smicridea (S.) turrialbana Flint, 1974 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Smicridea (S.) varia (Banks, 1913) [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Suborder Integripalpia Martynov
Superfamily Glossosomatoidea Wallengren
Family Glossosomatidae Wallengren
Culoptila costaricensis Flint, 1974 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Culoptila unispina Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2006 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella akantha Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella anakantha Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella aviceps Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella calovebora Blahnik & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Mortoniella carinula Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella falcicula Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Mexico] Mexico, Panama
Mortoniella munozi Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella opinionis Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella panamensis Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Panama] Panama
Mortoniella pectinella Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Panama] Panama
Mortoniella redunca Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella rovira (Flint, 1974) [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella stilula Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella tapanti Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella taurina Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Mortoniella umbonata Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2008 [Panama] Panama
Mortoniella yayas Blahnik & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Protoptila altura Holzenthal & Blahnik, 2006 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Protoptila bicornuta Flint, 1963 [Honduras] Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Protoptila boruca Flint, 1974 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Protoptila bribri Holzenthal & Blahnik, 2006 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Protoptila cana Flint, 1974 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Protoptila chitaria Holzenthal & Blahnik, 2006 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Protoptila harrisi Blahnik, Aguirre & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Protoptila inflata Blahnik & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Protoptila jolandae Holzenthal & Blahnik, 2006 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Protoptila laterospina Flint, 1967 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Protoptila orotina Flint, 1974 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Protoptila perdida Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragosa & Barba-Álvarez, 2005 [Panama] Panama
Protoptila rambala Blahnik & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Protoptila spirifera Flint, 1974 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Protoptila tojana Mosely, 1954 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru
Protoptila totumas Blahnik & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Protoptila trichoglossa Holzenthal & Blahnik, 2006 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Superfamily Hydroptiloidea Stephens
Family Hydroptilidae Stephens
Alisotrichia asta Harris & Flint, 2002 [Panama] Panama
Alisotrichia bernali Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Alisotrichia coclensis Armitage & Harris, 2020 [Panama] Panama
Alisotrichia cuernita Harris & Flint, 2002 [Panama] Panama
Alisotrichia eisbergae Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Alisotrichia latipalpis Flint, 1991 [Colombia] Colombia, Panama
Alisotrichia linterna Harris & Flint, 2002 [Panama] Panama
Alisotrichia panamensis Harris & Flint, 2002 [Panama] Panama
Alisotrichia woldai Harris & Flint, 2002 [Panama] Panama
Anchitrichia spangleri Flint, 1970 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Angrisanoa bokota Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Bredinia costaricensis (Flint, 1967) [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Bredinia dominicensis Flint, 1968 [Dominica] Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, Martinique, Panama, Trinidad
Bredinia emarginata Harris, Holzenthal & Flint, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Bredinia paraespinosa Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Bredinia selva Harris, Holzenthal & Flint, 2002 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Bredinia sucrensis Harris, Holzenthal & Flint, 2003 [Venezuela] Panama, Venezuela
Byrsopteryx cuchilla Harris & Holzenthal, 1994 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Brysopteryx esparta Harris & Holzenthal, 1994 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Brysopteryx solisi Harris & Holzenthal, 1994 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Cerasmatrichia akanthos Armitage & Harris, 2020 [Panama] Panama
Cerasmatrichia armitagei Harris, Ríos & Aguirre, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Cerasmatrichia blahniki Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Cerasmatrichia garfioza Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Cerasmatrichia veraguasensis Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Cerasmatrichia wirthi (Flint, 1968) [Panama] Panama
Ceratotrichia fairchildi Flint, 1992 [Panama] Panama
Costatrichia calovebora Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Costatrichia devestiva Thomson & Armitage, 2018 [Panama] Panama
Costatrichia dietrichi Thomson & Armitage, 2018 [Panama] Panama
Costatrichia falsa Santos, Takiya & Nessimian, 2013 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Costatrichia panamensis Flint, 1967 [Panama] Panama
Costatrichia santosi Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Costatrichia spinifera Flint, 1970 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Costatrichia tripartita Flint, 1970 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Costatrichia venezuelensis Flint, 1981 [Venezuela] Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela
Flintiella heredia Harris, Flint & Holzenthal, 2002 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru
Flintiella panamensis Harris, Flint & Holzenthal, 2002 [Panama] Panama
Flintiella pizotensis Harris, Flint & Holzenthal, 2002 [Costa Rica] Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru
Hydroptila constricta Bueno-Soria, 1984 [Mexico] Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru
Hydroptila flinti Bueno-Soria, 1984 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Hydroptila grenadensis Flint, 1968 [Grenada] Colombia, Ecuador, Grenada, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela
Hydroptila maza Harris & Holzenthal, 1999 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Hydroptila mexicana Mosely, 1937 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Hydroptila nusagandia Harris & Holzenthal, 1999 [Panama] Panama
Hydroptila paradenza Harris & Holzenthal, 1999 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Hydroptila paschia Mosely, 1937 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Hydroptila rastrilla Harris & Holzenthal, 1999 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Hydroptila singri Harris & Holzenthal, 1999 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Hydroptila veracruzensis Flint, 1967 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela
Leucotrichia botosaneanu Flint, 1996 [Tobago] Panama, Tobago
Leucotrichia chiriquiensis Flint, 1970 [Panama] Panama
Leucotrichia cortadera Thomson, Armitage & Harris, 2021 [Panama] Panama
Leucotrichia cultrata Thomson & Armitage, 2021 [Panama] Panama
Leucotrichia extraordinaria Bueno-Soria, Santiago-Fragoso & Barba-Álvarez, 2001 [Mexico] Mexico, Panama
Leucotrichia fairchildi Flint, 1970 [Panama] Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Panama, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela
Leucotrichia hispida Thomson & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Leucotrichia holzenthali Thomson, Armitage & Harris, 2021 [Panama] Panama*
Leucotrichia luma Thomson, Armitage & Harris, 2021 [Trinidad] Panama, Trinidad
Leucotrichia melleopicta Mosely, 1934 [Mexico] Mexico, Panama, Venezuela
Leucotrichia mutica Flint, 1991 [Colombia] Colombia, Panama
Leucotrichia rhomba Thomson & Holzenthal, 2015 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Leucotrichia ruiteri Thomson, Armitage & Harris, 2021 [Panama] Panama*
Leucotrichia topora (Oláh & Flint, 2012) [Panama] Panama
Leucotrichia viridis Flint, 1967 [Guatemala] El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama
Mayatrichia ayama Mosely, 1937 [Panama] Canada, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A
Mayatrichia illobia Harris & Holzenthal, 1990 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama
Metrichia aikidion Thomson & Armitage, 2021 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia amplitudinis Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia ancora Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia angulosa Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia avon (Bueno-Soria, 1983) [Mexico] Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama
Metrichia biungulata (Flint, 1972) [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia brevitas Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 2002 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia brocha Thomson & Armitage, 2018 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia calla Thomson & Armitage, 2018 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia calovebora Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia cascada Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia chiriquiensis Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia continentalis (Flint, 1972) [Panama] Panama
Metrichia corazones Armitage & Harris, 2020 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia decora Navás, 1932 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia difusa Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 2002 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia enigmatica Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 2002 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia escobilla Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia hocica Harris, Rios & Aguirre, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia langosta Armitage & Harris, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia leahae Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia lemniscata (Flint, 1972) [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia macdonaldi Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia macrophallata Flint, 1991 [Panama] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama
Metrichia malada (Flint, 1991) [Colombia] Colombia, Panama, Peru
Metrichia mechuda Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia meta Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia nigritta (Banks, 1907) [U.S.A.] El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
Metrichia nowaczyki Harris & Armitage, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia PA-1* Thomson & Armitage, 2021 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia palida Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 2002 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia penicillata (Flint, 1972) [Guatemala] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama
Metrichia picuda Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia plax Thomson & Armitage, 2021 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia pseudopatagonica Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia quadrata (Flint, 1972) [Mexico] Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama
Metrichia sacculifera (Flint, 1991) [Colombia] Colombia, Panama
Metrichia savegra Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia sencilla Harris & Armitage, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia separata Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia sesquipedalis Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia spica Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia tatianae Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia thomsonae Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia thurmani Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia trebeki Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia triangula Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 2002 [Panama] Panama
Metrichia triquetra Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Metrichia truncata Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Neotrichia abrebotella Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia amplector Keth, 2004 [Mexico] Mexico, Panama
Neotrichia anzuelo Armitage & Harris, 2018 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia armata Botosaneanu, 1993 (in Botosaneanu and Alkins-Koo, 1993) [Tobago] Panama, Tobago, Trinidad
Neotrichia atopa Thomson & Armitage, 2018 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia candela Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia canixa (Mosely, 1937) [Mexico] Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
Neotrichia carlsoni Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia codaza Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia collierorum Armitage & Harris, 2018 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia embera Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia esmalda (Mosely, 1937) [Mexico] Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua,Panama
Neotrichia espinosa Armitage & Harris, 2020 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia flennikeni Harri, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia flowersi Harris, 1990 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia hiaspa (Mosely, 1937) [Mexico] Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Neotrichia honda Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia kampa Oláh & Johanson, 2011 [Peru] Panama, Peru
Neotrichia landisi Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia lenati Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia majagua Harris, Rios & Aguirre, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia malickyi Harris, 1993 (in Harris and Tiemann 1993) [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia michaeli Armitage & Harris, 2020 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia mindyae Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia minutisimella (Chambers, 1873) [North America] Canada, Panama, U.S.A.
Neotrichia pamelae Harris & Armitage, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia panamensis Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia parabullata Harris & Armitage, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia parajarochita Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia paraxicana Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia pierpointorum Armitage & Harris, 2020 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia rambala Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia serrata Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia snixae Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia solapa Harris, Rios & Aguirre, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia spangleri Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia starki Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia tatianae Armitage & Harris, 2018 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia tauricornis Malicky, 1980 [Guadeloupe] Colombia, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Panama, St Lucia, Tobago, Trinidad
Neotrichia tuxtla Bueno-Soria, 1999 [Mexico] Mexico, Panama
Neotrichia unamas Botosaneanu, 1993 (in Botosaneanu and Alkins-Koo, 1993) [Tobago] Panama, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela
Neotrichia veraguasensis Harris, Armitage & Rios 2024 [Panama] Panama
Neotrichia vibrans Ross, 1944 [U.S.A.] Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
Neotrichia xicana (Mosely, 1937) [Mexico] Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Neotrichia yayas Armitage & Harris, 2020 [Panama] Panama
Nothotrichia panama Harris & Armitage, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia aldama (Mosely, 1937) [Mexico] Costa Rica, Dominican Republic (in amber), Mexico, Panama
Ochrotrichia alma Thomson & Armitage, 2021 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia anomala Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 1997 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia anticheirion Thomson & Armitage, 2018 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia arranca (Mosely, 1937) [Mexico] Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama
Ochrotrichia arriba Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 1997 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia assita Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2004 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Ochrotrichia avis Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Ochrotrichia bicaudata Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 1997 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia birdae Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia boquillas Moulton & Harris, 1997 [U.S.A.] Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
Ochrotrichia caimita Flint, 1972 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Ochrotrichia conejoreja Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia conformalis Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Ochrotrichia corneolus Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 1997 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia crucecita Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 1997 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia curvata Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2004 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia dewalti Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia filiforma Flint, 1972 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Ochrotrichia flagellata Flint, 1972 [Panama] Panama, Mexico
Ochrotrichia glabra Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 1997 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Ochrotrichia jolandae Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2008 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Ochrotrichia kondratieffi Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia latigiza Harris, Rios & Aguirre, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia longispina Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 2004 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama, Peru
Ochrotrichia lupita Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 1997 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia moselyi Flint, 1972 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama
Ochrotrichia ngabebuglea Harris, Rios & Aguirre, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia nimmoi Harris & Armitage, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia pacifica Flint, 1972 [Panama] Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama
Ochrotrichia panamensis Flint, 1972 [Panama] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Ochrotrichia paraflagellata Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia paraldama Bueno-Soria, 2009 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia paxilla Thomson & Armitage, 2021 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia petersoni Thomson & Armitage, 2021 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia pulgara Harris & Armitage, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia quinealensis Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Ochrotrichia ramona Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Ochrotrichia regina Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 1997 [Panama] Panama
Ochrotrichia silva Bueno-Soria & Holzenthal, 1998 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Ochrotrichia tenanga (Mosely, 1937) [Mexico] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Venezuela
Ochrotrichia unica Bueno-Soria & Santiago-Fragoso, 1992 [Colombia] Colombia, Panama
Orthotrichia aegerfasciella (Chambers, 1873) [U.S.A.] Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
Oxyethira (Argyrobothrus) glasa (Ross, 1941) [U.S.A.] Costa Rica, Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
Oxyethira (Dampfitrichia) arizona Ross, 1948 [U.S.A.] Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, U.S.A.
Oxyethira (Dampfitrichia) circaverna Kelley, 1983 [Panama] Argentina, Brazil, Curacao, Ecuador, Panama, Uruguay
Oxyethira (Dampfitrichia) maya Denning, 1947 [U.S.A.] Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
Oxyethira (Dampfitrichia) simulatrix Flint, 1968 [Jamaica] Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
Oxyethira (Loxotrichia) azteca (Mosely, 1937) [Mexico] Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela, U.S.A.
Oxyethira (Loxotrichia) janella Denning, 1948 [U.S.A.] Barbados [?], Costa Rica [?], Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique [?], Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, U.S.A. [?=some records from Central America likely O. tica]
Oxyethira (Loxotrichia) parazteca Kelley, 1983 [Ecuador] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama
Oxyethira (Loxotrichia) parce (Edwards & Arnold, 1961) [U.S.A.] Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Trinidad, Venezuela, U.S.A.
Oxyethira (Loxotrichia) tica Holzenthal & Harris, 1992 [Costa Rica] Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Venezuela
Oxyethira (Oxytrichia) apinolada Holzenthal & Harris, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Oxyethira (Oxytrichia) culebra Holzenthal & Harris, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Oxyethira (Tanytrichia) hilosa Holzenthal & Harris, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Oxyethira (unplaced) buenoi Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Oxyethira (unplaced) pehrssonae Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Oxyethira (unplaced) rareza Holzenthal & Harris, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Oxyethira (unplaced) sierruca Holzenthal & Harris,1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Rhyacopsyche hasta Wasmund & Holzenthal, 2007 [Peru] Panama, Peru
Rhyacopsyche holzenthali Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Rhyacopsyche mexicana Flint, 1967 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Rhyacopsyche obliquia Flint, 1974 [Mexico] Mexico, Panama
Rhyacopsyche ramphisa Wasmund & Holzenthal, 2007 [Colombia] Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, Peru
Rhyacopsyche torulosa Flint, 1971 [Guatemala] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama
Rhyacopsyche totuma Thomson & Armitage, 2018 [Panama] Panama
Rhyacopsyche turrialbae Flint, 1971 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Tizatetrichia costaricensis Harris, Flint & Holzenthal, 2002 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Tizatetrichia escabrosa Armitage, Harris & Aguirre, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Tizatetrichia paloseco Armitage, Harris & Aguirre, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Tizatetrichia panamensis Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia angulata Flint, 1970 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia antilliensis Flint, 1968 [Dominica] Colombia, Dominica, Ecuador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Panama, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Venezuela
Zumatrichia attenuata Flint, 1970 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Zumatrichia bifida Flint, 1970 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Zumatrichia caudifera Flint, 1970 [Panama] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Zumatrichia chiriquiensis Flint, 1970 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Zumatrichia culebra Harris & Armitage, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia dereka Oláh & Flint, 2012 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia flinti Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia galtena Mosely, 1937 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Zumatrichia hazelae Harris & Armitage, 2019 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia maskara Oláh & Flint, 2012 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia nelkula Oláh & Flint, 2012 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia palmara Flint, 1970 [El Salvador] Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru
Zumatrichia pluma Armitage & Harris, 2023 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia rhamphiodes Flint, 1970 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Zumatrichia saluda Flint, 1970 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia sortetla Oláh & Flint, 2012 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia strobilina Flint, 1970 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Zumatrichia teribe Harris & Armitage, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia turuda Oláh & Flint, 2012 [Panama] Panama
Zumatrichia zegla Harris & Armitage, 2015 [Panama] Panama
Superfamily Rhyacophiloidea Stephens
Family Hydrobiosidae Ulmer
Atopsyche callosa (Navás, 1924) [Costa Rica] Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Venezuela
Atopsyche chimpuocllo Schmid, 1989 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Atopsyche cira (Mosely, 1949) [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Atopsyche dampfi Ross & King, 1952 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Atopsyche erigia Ross, 1947 [Mexico] Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
Atopsyche huainacapac Schmid, 1989 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Atopsyche implexa (Navás, 1924) [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Atopsyche jaba Blahnik & Gottschalk, 1997 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Atopsyche majada Ross, 1947 [Mexico] Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Panama
Atopsyche minimajada Blahnik & Gottschalk, 1997 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Atopsyche pachacamac Schmid, 1989 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Superfamily Leptoceroidea Leach
Family Calamoceratidae Ulmer
Banyallarga acutiterga (Denning & Hogue, 1983) (in Denning et al. 1983) [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Banyallarga fortuna (Resh, 1983) (in Denning et al. 1983) [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Phylloicus aeneus (Hagen, 1861) [Mexico] Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
Phylloicus blahniki Prather, 2003 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Phylloicus elegans Hogue &v Denning, 1983 (in Denning et al. 1983) [Panama] Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama
Phylloicus lituratus Banks, 1920 [Colombia] Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela
Phylloicus munozi Prather, 2003 [Costa Rica] Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama
Phylloicus nigripennis (Banks, 1900) [Mexico] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Phylloicus panamensis Prather, 2003 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Family Leptoceridae Leach
Atanatolica moselyi Denning & Holzenthal, 1988 (in Holzenthal, 1988) [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Atanatolica panamensis Holzenthal, 1988 [Panama] Panama
Nectopsyche dorsalis (Banks, 1901) [Mexico] Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A., Venezuela
Nectopsyche gemmoides Flint, 1981 [Venezuela] Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad, Venezuela
Nectopsyche ortizi Holzenthal, 1995 [Costa Rica] Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Nectopsyche pavida (Hagen, 1861) [U.S.A.] Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
Nectopsyche punctata (Ulmer, 1905) [Brazil] Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Nectopsyche spiloma (Ross, 1944) [U.S.A.] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, U.S.A.
Nectopsyche tuanis Holzenthal, 1995 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Oecetis acciptrina Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2014 [Ecuador] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama
Oecetis constricta Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2014 [Costa Rica] Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela
Oecetis falicia Denning, 1966 (in Denning and Sykora 1966) [Panama] Panama
Oecetis hastapulla Quinteiro & Holzenthal, 2017 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Oecetis inconspicua (Walker, 1852) [U.S.A.] Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, U.S.A., Venezuela
Oecetis knutsoni Flint, 1981 [Venezuela] Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guadeloupe, Panama, Peru, Venezuela
Oecetis mexicana Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2014 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela
Oecetis protrusa Blahnik & Holzenthal, 2014 [Costa Rica] Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Oecetis pseudoinconspicua Bueno-Soria, 1981 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama
Oecetis punctipennis (Ulmer, 1905) [Brazil] Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Triaenodes anomalous Flint, 1967 [Mexico] Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Triaenodes clauseni Holzenthal & Andersen, 2004 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Triaenodes delicatus Navás, 1924 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Triaenodes guadaloupe Holzenthal & Andersen, 2004 [Panama] Panama
Triaenodes hornitos Holzenthal & Andersen, 2004 [Panama] Panama
Triaenodes morai Holzenthal & Andersen, 2004 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama
Triaenodes nicaraguensis Holzenthal & Andersen, 2004 [Nicaragua] Nicaragua, Panama
Triaenodes talamanca Holzenthal & Andersen, 2004 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Triaenodes tapanti Holzenthal & Andersen 2004 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Triaenodes tico Holzenthal & Andersen, 2004 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Triaenodes woldai Holzenthal & Andersen, 2004 [Panama] Panama
Triplectides flintorum Holzenthal, 1988 [Costa Rica] Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname
Family Odontoceridae Wallengren
Marilia crea Mosely, 1949 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Marilia flexuosa Ulmer, 1905 [U.S.A.] Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, U.S.A.
Marilia kingsolveri Bueno-Soria & Rojas-Ascencio, 2004 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Superfamily Sericostomatoidea Stephens
Family Anomalopsychidae Ulmer
Contulma talamanca Holzenthal & Flint, 1995 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Family Helicopsychidae Ulmer
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) alajuela Johanson & Holzenthal, 2010 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) blantoni Johanson & Malm, 2006 [Panama] Panama
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) borealis (Hagen, 1861) [Canada] Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, U.S.A.
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) breviterga Flint, 1991 [Colombia] Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) chiriquensis Johanson & Malm, 2006 [Panama] Costa Rica, Panama
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) fridae Johanson, 2003 [Panama] Panama
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) incisa Ross, 1956 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) linguata Johanson & Malm, 2006 [Panama] Panama
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) planata Ross, 1956 [Mexico] Mexico, Nicraragua, Panama
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) rentzii Denning & Blickle, 1979 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) sanblasensis Johanson & Malm, 2006 [Panama] Panama
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) truncata Ross, 1956 [Mexico] Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) tuxtlensis Bueno-Soria, 1983 [Mexico] Guatemala, Mexico, Panama
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) vergelana Ross, 1956 [Mexico] Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela
Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) woldai Johanson, 2003 [Panama] Panama
Superfamily Limnephiloidea Kolenati
Family Limnephilidae Kolenati
Limnephilus hamifer Flint, 1963 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Superfamily Phryganeoidea Leach
Family Lepidostomatidae Ulmer
Lepidostoma chiriquiensis Holzenthal & Strand, 1992 [Panama] Panama
Lepidostoma ectopium Holzenthal & Strand, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Lepidostoma griseum (Banks, 1911) [U.S.A.] Canada, Panama, U.S.A.
Lepidostoma mexicanum (Banks, 1901) [Mexico] Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, U.S.A.
Lepidostoma polylepidum Holzenthal & Strand, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Lepidostoma reimoseri Flint & Bueno-Soria, 1977 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
Lepidostoma tapanti Holzenthal & Strand, 1992 [Costa Rica] Costa Rica, Panama
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