88urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:84CAD438-4D58-581C-86A1-48EF43C3EC79Neotropical Biology and ConservationNBC2236-3777Pensoft Publishers10.3897/neotropical.14.e3560135601Short CommunicationAnimaliaBiogeographyFirst record of the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromismossambicus Peters, 1852 (Perciformes, Cichlidae), on Kangean Island, IndonesiaHasanVerylveryl.hasan@fpk.unair.ac.idhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-93351PratamaFajar Suryahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-10092MalongaWin Ariga Mansurhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1021-09873CahyanuraniAnnisa Bias4Universitas Airlangga, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Department of Fish Health Management and Aquaculture, Surabaya 60115, East Java, IndonesiaUniversitas AirlanggaSurabayaIndonesiaMinistry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia, Directorat General of Marine and Fisheries Resources Surveillance, Tual Surveillance for Marine and Fisheries Resources Base, Tual 97651, Maluku, IndonesiaMinistry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of IndonesiaTualIndonesiaUniversitas Teknologi Sumbawa, Faculty of Technobiology, Department of Bioctechnology, Sumbawa 84371, West Nusa Tenggara, IndonesiaUniversitas Teknologi SumbawaSumbawaIndonesiaPoliteknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Sidoarjo, Department of Aquaculture Techniques, Sidoarjo 61253, East Java, IndonesiaPoliteknik Kelautan dan Perikanan SidoarjoSidoarjoIndonesia
Corresponding author: Veryl Hasan (veryl.hasan@fpk.unair.ac.id)
20192207201914220721196528817-89FC-55F5-A597-B43AA4A0C6482004201925062019Veryl Hasan, Fajar Surya Pratama, Win Ariga Mansur Malonga, Annisa Bias CahyanuraniThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
In 2019 we captured specimens of Oreochromismossambicus Peters, 1852 from Batu Batu River, an estuary river on Kangean Island (Indonesia), a conservation area in the Java Sea. These records are among the first of this species from an island in the Java Sea. A description of morphological characters of sampled specimens is provided.
Cichliddistributionestuarynon-nativeThe Ministry of Finance of the IndonesianIntroduction
Oreochromismossambicus Peters, 1852 is a tilapia native to coastal regions and the lower reaches of rivers in southern Africa, from the Bushman River in the Eastern Cape to Zambezi River delta (Bruton and Boltt 1975; Cooper and Harrison 1992). It is now introduced to many countries for aquaculture (Arthington et al. 1984). Oreochromismossambicus exhibits tolerance to salinity (de Moor et al. 1986; Russell et al. 2012). It can have negative impacts on aquatic communities through predation, competition for food and other resources, and as a vector of disease causing pathogens (Barker et al. 2002; Cucherousset and Olden 2011).
Tilapias have generally spread in mainland Indonesia (brackish and freshwaters) where aquaculture activities have been underway for some time (Basuki and Sri 2014). Kangean, one of islands in the Java Sea, is a conservation area and has no record of culturing tilapia. The presence of O.mossambicus on Kangean constitutes a new record.
Specimens of O.mossambicus were captured with land net on 18–19 March 2019. The specimens were preserved in 10% formalin solution and deposited at the Hydrobiology Laboratory, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesa (HB.Om.III.2019). Diagnostic morphological characters of the specimens were analyzed following Trewavas (1983).
New records. (Figs 1, 2). Indonesia: Java Sea: Kangean Island: Batu Batu River (6°55'09"S; 115°19'53"E), 18–19 March 2019, V. Hasan leg. (9 specimens, total length 6.6–23.1 cm, photographed).
Batu Batu River, location where Oreochromismossambicus was found on Kangean Island (Indonesia) in the Java Sea.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319813
The meristic characters are shared with Orechromismortimeri, and both species are close to Oreochromisspilurus in numbers of vertebrae, dorsal rays and gill rakers. Oreochromisplacidus usually has five anal spines and a higher number of dorsal spines. Oreochromisurolepis has greater numbers of gill rakers and the mean number of dorsal rays is greater. Its pharyngeal teeth are somewhat coarser and adults may have a densely scaled caudal fin. Other specific morphological characters are as follows: Snout long; forehead with relatively large scales, starting with two scales between the eyes followed by nine scales up to the dorsal fin. Snout duckbill-like due to enlarged jaws, often causing upper profile to become concave. Pharyngeal teeth very fine and dentigerous area with narrow lobes, blade in adults longer than dentigerous area; lower gill rakers 14–20; caudal fin not densely scaled; vertebrae 28–31; dorsal spines 15–18; dorsal soft rays 10–13; anal spines 3; anal soft rays 7–12. All of these characters were found in the specimens of Tilapia from Batu Batu River, Kangean Island.
In the 20th century alone, tilapias were introduced into many countries (Shelton and Popma 2006). Tilapias in general are listed among the top 100 worst alien species around the globe and have successfully established in more than 90 countries on five continents (all except Antarctica) (Russell et al. 2012).
The first establishment of tilapias is believed to have occurred in Java in the 1930s as a result of an aquarium release of O.mossambicus (Courtenay and Williams 1992). Due to aquaculture, O.mossambicus now occurs in all brackish and freshwaters of mainland Indonesia. Its presence on the estuary of Kangean Island, in the Java Sea and 185 km from the nearest maindland (Fig. 3), represents a new record. Estuary conditions on Kangean Island, namely temperature 27–30 °C; salinity 9–25 ppt, depth 0.5–2 m and current velocity 10 cm/s, are ideal for O.mossambicus reproduction and survival (Riede 2004).
Fixed specimen of Oreochromismossambicus (Hb.Om.III.2019) found in Kangean Island (Indonesia) in the Java Sea.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/319814
We speculate that O.mossambicus was released into an estuary on the Kangean Island by local people, but the purpose is not clear. As the island does not have an aquaculture industry, further investigation is warranted to determine the source of O.mossambicus on Kangean Island. In the future further introductions should be prevented to reduce the impact of O.mossambicus on the conservation area on does not disturb the conservation area (de Silva et al. 2004; Picker and Griffiths 2011).
Acknowledgements
We thank the reviewers and editor for their insightful comments, a local fisherman as our guide, and the Ministry of Finance of the Indonesian as the Scholarship Program sponsor and for funding our research (no. 20160221035555).
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