The location of Cusuco National Park (CNP) in northwestern Honduras, the different interpretations of its borders, and an overview of study camps A CNP is situated in the northern ranges of the Sierra del Merendón, highlighting the isolated position of the cloud forest reserve in relation to other high-altitude regions B our study area is based on the management plan of the Corporación Hondureña de Desarrollo Forestal (black dashed and solid outlines), shown in reference to the original delineation of CNP as based on the 87–1987 Cloud Forest Act (white dotted and grey dashed outlines) C an overview of the field sites surveyed during the study period of 2007–2023. A black dashed line indicates the delineation of the reserve’s core zone, while the solid line indicates the delineation of the buffer zone. Digital elevation model from Jarvis et al. (2008); basemap from ESRI (2017).